522 CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS. 



uttering L, which is closely related to the aspirates, but differs from them in that the narrow 

 passage for the rush of air is not in the middle, but at both sides of the middle of the closed 

 part. (The nasal cavity is shut off.) 



3. Vibratives, which are produced by air being forced through a narrow portion of the canal, 

 so that the margins of the narrow tube are set in vibration. (The nasal cavity is shut off.) 



4. Resohants (also called nasals or semi-vowels). The nasal cavity is completely free, while 

 the vocal canal is completely closed in the front part of the oral channel. According to the 

 l>osition of the obstruction in the oral cavity, the air in a larger or smaller portion of the mouth 

 is thrown into sympathetic vibration. 



We may also classify them according to the position in which they are produced 

 the " articulation positions " of Briicke. These are : 



A. Between both lips ; B, between the tongue and the hard palate ; C, between 

 the tongue and the soft palate ; D, between the true vocal cords. 



A. Consonants of the First Articulation Position. 



1. Explosive Labials. b, the voice is sounded before the slight explosion occurs ; p, the 

 voice is sounded after the much stronger explosion has taken place (Kempelen). [The former 

 is spoken of as " voiced" and the latter as " breathed."] 



2. Aspirate Labials. f, between the upper incisor teeth and the lower lip (labiodental). It 

 is absent in all true Slavic words (Purkihc) ; v, between both lips (labial) ; w is formed when 

 the mouth is in the position for f, but instead of merely forcing in the air, the voice is sounded 

 at the same time. Really there are two different w one corresponding to the labial f, as in 

 wiirde, and the labiodental, e.g., quelle (Briicke). 



3. Vibrative Labials. The burring sound, emitted by grooms, but not used in civilised 

 language. 



4. Resonant Labials. m is formed essentially by sounding the voice whereby the air, in the 

 mouth and nose, is thrown into sympathetic vibration ["voiced"]. 



B. Consonants of the Second Articulation Position. 



1. The explosives, when enunciated sharply and without the voice, are T hard (also dt and 

 th) ; when they are feeble and produced along with simultaneous laryngeal sounds (voice), we 

 have D soft. 



2. The aspirates embrace S, including s sharp, written s s or s z, which is produced without 

 any audible laryngeal vibration ; or soft, which requires the voice. Then, also, there are modi- 

 fications according to the position where the noises are produced. The sharp aspirates include 

 Sch, and the hard English Th ; to the soft belong the French J soft, and the English Th soft. 

 L, which occurs in many modifications, appears here, e.g., the L soft of the French. L may be 

 sounded soft with the voice, or sharp without it. 



3. The vibrative, or R, which is generally voiced, but it can be formed without the larynx. 

 The resonants are N-sounds, which also occur in several modifications. 



C. Consonants of the Third Articulation Position. 



1. The explosives are the K-sounds, which are hard and breathed and not voiced ; G-sounds, 

 which are voiced. 



2. The aspirates, when hard and breathed but not voiced, the Ch, and when sounded softly 

 and not voiced, J is formed. 



3. The vibrative is the palatal R, which is produced by vibration of the uvula (Briicke). 



4. The resonant is the palatal N. 



D. Consonants of the Fourth Articulation Position. 



1. An explosive sound does not occur when the glottis is forced open, if a vowel is loudly 

 sounded with the glottis previously closed. If this occurs during whispering, a feeble short 

 noise, due to the sudden opening of the glottis, may be heard. 



2. The aspirates of the glottis are the H-sounds, which are produced when the glottis is 

 moderately wide. 



3. A glbttis-vibrative occurs in the so-called laryngeal R of lower Saxon (Briicke). 



4. A laryngeal resonant cannot exist. 



The combination of different consonants is accomplished by the successive movements neces- 

 sary for each being rapidly executed. Compound consonants, however, are such as are formed 

 when the oral parts are adjusted simultaneously for two different consonants, so that a mixed 

 sound is formed from two. Examples : Sch tsch, tz, ts Ps (<//) Ks (XE). 



319. PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OF VOICE AND SPEECH. Aphonia. Paralysis of 

 the motor nerves (vagus) of the larynx by injury, or the pressure of tumours, causes aphonia or 

 loss of voice (Galen). In aneurism of the aortic arch, the left recurrent nerve may be paralysed 

 from pressure. The laryngeal nerves may be temporarily paralysed by rheumatism, over-exer- 



