722 PINEAL AND PITUITARY BODIES. 



Iknle ascribes the movements to vertigo, or a feeling of giddiness caused by the injury. In all 

 operations on the central nervous system, where the equilibrium is deeply affected, there is a 

 considerable increase in the number and depth of the respirations (Landois). 



Other Effects. Some observers noticed variations of the blood-pressure and a cbange in the 

 number of heart-beats after stimulation of the cortex cerebri, e.g. , after electrical stimulation of the 

 motor areas for tbe extremities (Bochcfontainc). Balogh observed acceleration of the pulse, on 

 stimulating several points on the cortex cerebri of a dog, and from one point slowing of the pulse. 

 Eckhard stimulated the surface of the brain in rabbits, and, as a rule, he observed that, as long as 

 ingle crossed movements occurred in the anterior extremities, there was no effect upon the heart, 

 but that the heart became affected as soon as other movements occurred. This consists in slow 

 strong pulse-beats, with occasional weaker beats, while at the same time the blood-pressure is 

 slightly increased (Bochefontaine). If the vagi be divided beforehand, the effect upon the pulse 

 disappears, while the increase of the blood- pressure remains. That psychical processes affect the 

 action of the heart was known to Homer and Chrysipp. Bochefontaine and Lepine, on stimulat- 

 ing several points, especially in the neighbourhood of the sulcus cruciatus in the (log, observed 

 increased secretion of saliva, slowing of the movements of the stomach, peristalsis of the 

 intestine, contraction of the spleen, of the uterus, of the bladder, and increased respirations. 

 Hufalini, on stimulating those parts of the cortex which cause movements of the jaw, observed 

 secretion of gastric juice with increase of the temperature of the stomach. Schiff, Brown- 

 Sequard, Ebstein, Klosterhalfen, and others have observed that injury to the pons, corpus 

 striatum, thalamus, cerebral peduncle, and medulla oblongata often causes hyperemia and 

 haemorrhage into the lung (according to Brown-Sequard, especially after injury to one side of 

 the pons, which affects the opposite lung), under the pleura, in the stomach, intestine, and 

 kidneys. Gastric hemorrhage is common after injury to the pons just where the cerebral 



Iteduncles join it. Similar phenomena have been observed in man after apoplexy or cerebral 

 hemorrhage. 



Specially interesting is the cerebral unilateral decubitus acutus or bed-sore, described by 

 Charcot, which always occurs on the paralysed side of the body, i.e., on the side opposite to 

 c 3 C Tr7v 7 the cerebral iri J ul *y- It begins on the 



*P Ills second or third day, rapidly causes enor- 



mous destruction and sloughing of the 

 tissues on the back and lower extremities, 

 and death soon takes place. The decu- 

 bitus which occurs after spinal injuries, 

 usually begins in the middle line of the 

 buttocks, and extends symmetrically on 

 both sides. In cases of unilateral injur)' 

 to the spinal cord, the decubitus occurs 

 on the corresponding side of the sacral 

 region (p. 508). 

 [The Pineal Gland or epiphysis cerebri 

 JRf'"' " y 1 7$^2^ffe/ Mf&?$ty& jjtr ^ es on tne ^ack of, and is connected 



' with, the third ventricle (fig. 505, Z). 

 It projects backwards between the cor- 

 pora quadrigemiua. It is originally 

 developed as a hollow outgrowth from 

 that part of the embryonic brain which 

 becomes the third ventricle. The hollow 

 Longitudinal section of an adult human brain. An, ce *tre usually disappears, while the distal 

 aqueduct of Sylvius; B, corpus calloauin; Ca, ante- J w , beco ies enlarged and is often 

 rior commissure; Cm, middle commissure ^/obulated. Its distal portion may ter- 



lamina terminalis ; Cp, posterior commissure FM, mi . nat ? J tsid< ? * he ku11 J . and in s ?. me 



animals there is developed in the median 



an eye pineal eye 

 ertebrate plan, as in 

 Sp, septum luridum;' /rTnfundibuluinT^^teTa ^ n gH ; \ S, - I Hatteriaj ^-^eGraaf, Spencer) 

 choroidea ; To, optic thalamus ; VH, cerebrum ; Z, K% rS?I* J tt u u a x. u 



pineal gland ; /, olfactory lobe and nerve ; //, optic J^" I*t?taiy body or hypophysis 

 nerve, cerebri consists of two lobes, different in 



..'.., , , origin and structure (fig. 505, H). The 



posterior lobe is developed as a hollow outgrowth from the part of the embryonic brain con- 

 nected with the third ventricle. It loses its cavity and its nervous tissue ; is permeated by 

 connective-tissue and blood-vessels ; and is connected with the floor of the third ventricle by 

 the infundibulum. The anterior lobe is developed as a tubular invagination of the stomodseum, 

 i.e., lroni the ectoderm of the buccal cavity ; but it soon loses its connection with this cavity as 

 the upper end enlarges, and the stalk atrophies. In mammalia, the upper expanded end unites 

 with the anterior lobe to form the pituitary body. For the effects of its removal, see 103, V.] 



lamina terminalis ; Up, posterior commissure ; FM, V X j 

 foramen of Munro ; O, fornix ; H, pituitary body a . mnia J s + t , here 1 18 11 deV 

 HH, cerebellum ; MH, corpora quadrigemiua ; MH, lme of , tbe ^ u11 . an 

 medulla oblongata; P, pons Var'olii ; R, spinal cord; TZT^tV^ 



