8 MATERIA MEDlCA 



which thus supplanted Antwerp and Lisbon as the European emporium 

 of Indian trade. 



Meanwhile the English, who had met with less success, had never- 

 theless founded colonies in Calicut, Madras, Masulipatam, Calcutta, 

 and Bencoolen, and had driven the Spaniards from Jamaica, Barbados, 

 and other of the West Indian Islands. In 1600 the first English 

 East Indian Company was formed which built forts in Java, Amboyna, 

 and Banda. At first this company shared the spice trade, but 

 eventually it was driven from the islands by the Butch, who destroyed 

 all spice trees but those on the island of Amboyna. The English 

 were thus restricted to the coasts of India, where they competed 

 successfully with the Portuguese. After the cessation of the Company's 

 charter in 1833 trade rapidly increased. Cotton, sugar, tobacco, 

 tea, coffee, and cinchona were introduced. Singapore, which had 

 become a British possession in 1819, became, and still remains, the 

 centre of East Indian trade. North America had already been 

 colonised ; here and in the West Indian Islands tobacco, allspice, 

 cocoa, indigo, &c., had been introduced, and their cultivation had 

 rapidly extended. 



Drug Routes. Foreign drugs reach the London market chiefly by 

 the following routes : 



I. Central European. From Reval and Riga (Russian) ; from 

 Hamburg and Bremen (German) ; from Amsterdam and Rotterdam 

 (Dutch and German) ; from Antwerp (Belgian and Dutch) ; from 

 Dieppe, Boulogne, Havre, and Bordeaux (French) ; in all cases 

 direct to London. 



II. Mediterranean. From Lisbon (Portuguese) ; from Vigo, 

 Seville, Malaga, Valencia, and Barcelona (Spanish) ; from Marseilles 

 (French) ; from Genoa, Leghorn, and Bari (Italian) ; from Messina, 

 Palermo, and Catania (Sicilian) ; from Malta ; from Salonica, Con- 

 stantinople, Smyrna, Alexandretta, Jaffa, Beyrout (Turkish) ; from 

 Suez, Tripoli, Tangiers, Algiers (African) ; either direct to London 

 or often (from the Eastern Mediterranean) via Trieste or via Marseilles. 



III. North-West African. From Rabat, Mazagan, Saffi, Mogadore, 

 Bathurst to London, Liverpool, or Southampton. 



IV. West-Central African. From Sierra Leone, Bonny, Lagos, 

 San Thome, and Benguela to Liverpool. 



V. South African. From Cape Town, Mossel Bay, Port Elizabeth, 

 East London, Natal, and Delagoa Bay to Southampton and Liverpool. 



VI. East-Central African. From Beira, Chinde, Quilimane, 

 Mozambique, Zanzibar, Mombasa to London (often via Hamburg) ; 

 from Mauritius, Reunion, Madagascar, and Seychelles to Liverpool. 



VII. Red Sea, Arabian, and Persian. From Suakin, Massowah, 

 Aden, Bunder-Abbas, Bushire, Bussorah, and Bagdad to London. 



VIII. Indian. From Karachi, Bombay, Mangalore, Calicut, 



