DRUG ROUTES 9 



Cochin, Aleppy, Colombo, Tuticorin, Madras, Calcutta, and Rangoon 

 to London. 



IX. Malayan. From the various islands via Singapore and 

 Penang to London ; from Batavia via Amsterdam to London ; from 

 Saigon via Marseilles to London. 



X. Chinese. From Shanghai and Hong Kong, often via Havre 

 or Hamburg, to London. 



XI. Japanese. From Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama to London. 



XII. North American. From Quebec, Montreal, Boston, New 

 York, Baltimore, Newport, New Orleans, and San Francisco to 

 Liverpool, London, and Southampton, sometimes via Havre and 

 Cherbourg. 



XIII. Central American. From Grey town and Belize to Liverpool 

 and London, sometimes via Hamburg. 



XIV. West Indian. From the British islands to Liverpool 

 Bristol, and Southampton ; from the Dutch islands to London via 

 Amsterdam. 



XV. South American. From La Guayra, Savanilla, Cartagena, 

 and Maranham to Liverpool ; from Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio Janeiro, 

 and Buenos Ayres to London and Liverpool ; from Montevideo to 

 Southampton ; from Valparaiso, Santiago, Mollendo, Truxillo, and 

 Guayaquil to Liverpool. 



XVI. Australian. From Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, 

 and Perth to London ; from Tasmania via Melbourne. 



XVII. New Zealand. From Auckland and Wellington to London. 



Drug Packages. The various ways of packing drugs for exporta- 

 tion form an extremely interesting study, as may be gathered from 

 the f ollowing examples : 



Aloes is exported from the West Indies, from East Africa, and from 

 Cape Colony. That from the Dutch West Indian Islands usually 

 arrives in wooden cases in which bottled spirits have been exported 

 (compare ' Aloes '), but formerly West Indian aloes was frequently 

 poured while still soft into empty gourds (fig. 1, A), which were then 

 closed with a piece of cloth and packed in barrels ; such gourd aloes 

 is still occasionally seen. Socotrine aloes is commonly sent from 

 East Africa in a pasty or semi-solid condition in kegs or barrels. 

 Zanzibar aloes is filled while soft into goat-skins, which are 

 afterwards packed in cases. 



Cassia fistula is exported from Java in baskets made of plaited 

 split cane (fig. 1, B). China root, much used in China, but now 

 almost obsolete in Europe, and galangal root (fig. 2, E) arrive in mats 

 made of plaited bast (fig. 1, c) ; a similar covering protects the cases 

 of cassia bark and cassia buds (fig. 3, A, B, c), all of which are exported 

 from China. Cloves are usually sent from Zanzibar in mats made 

 from interlaced strips of coconut leaves (fig. 3, D). 



