70 PHYSIOLOGY. 



in great part. At the pyloric orifice a thick circular fold acts as 

 a part of a valve called the pyloric valve. 



Structure of Mucous Membrane. 



Upon an examination with a feeble magnifying power there is 

 found on the mucous membrane a great number of depressions about 

 Vaoo inch in diameter, which are the openings of the glands of the 

 stomach. The mucous membrane is lined with a columnar epithe- 



Fig. 13. Human Stomach. (After SAPPEY.) (From Mills's "Animal 

 Physiology," copyright, 1889, by D. Appleton and Company.) 



1, (Esophagus. 2, Circular fibers at cesophageal opening. 3, 3, Circular 

 fibers at lesser curvature. 4, 4, Circular fibers at the pylorus. 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 

 Oblique fibers. 9, 10, Fibers of this layer covering the greater pouch. 11, Por- 

 tion of the stomach from which these fibers have been removed to show the 

 subjacent circular fibers. 



lium. The tubular glands of the stomach are placed side by side 

 and number several millions. These glands have a basement mem- 

 brane, which separates the glands from one another and in which 

 the capillaries spread a fine network over the tubules. They have 

 also a blind end. There are two kinds of gastric glands: the car- 

 diac and the pyloric. The pyloric glands have at their mouth an 

 epithelium which is a continuation of the columnar epithelium of 

 the stomach. In the tubules the epithelium is shorter and more 

 cubical and granular. In the fundus glands and cardiac glands the 

 epithelium is composed of short columnar cells, and these cells have 



