88 THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION 



consideration for the whole/ That is shown by the fact 

 that each part works for all others precisely as it does for 

 itself : thus the lungs breathe for all the tissues, and 

 digestion is effected for the benefit of all, and so on. 



Thereby each organ is itself also dependent upon 

 the normal execution of all other functions. If there 

 arise an increase of activity in any organ that is so 

 because the whole or some particular part requires it. 

 In short there is shown clearly in every part a striving 

 to remain preserved in conjunction with the whole or 

 the necessity of perishing with it. 



M. Heidenheim ! very beautifully describes this 



relation of the separate components to the whole : ' In 



the more highly organized creatures the cells present 



themselves as subordinate parts of the whole, which 



have lost the freedom of existence and of action, a 



condition which is designated by H. Spreuzer as an 



" integration " of the individual, because it has become 



an integral part of the whole. In connection therewith 



there is the extremely varied differentiation of the 



specifically functional cells. ... It is this change of 



constitution which, in the theoretical sense, confirms 



and determines the dependent relations of the whole, 



the integration of the individual and the subordination 



of the cells to the position of mere tools which serve for 



the vital work the " life." ' 2 



1 Plasma und Zelle, 8th volume of Handbuch der Anatomic des 

 Menschen, published by Bardeleben, Part I, Jena, 1907, p. 29. 



2 Heidenheim contests in this work with powerful arguments the 

 doctrine that a complex organism is a cell community (Zellestaat) : see 

 particularly p. 49. 



