DOMAIN OF EVOLUTIONARY HYPOTHESIS 109 



executed as are, by man, those actions which are con- 

 sciously done, and which he wills to do in order to attain 

 a certain object which he recognizes as, and feels to be, 

 desirable. The necessary movements in such a case- 

 movements of the whole body from place to place, 

 or movements of certain parts (the hand for instance) 

 are then so regulated as the external impulses in the 

 particular case require. The behaviour of a hungry 

 dog who rushes towards a piece of meat may serve as 

 an example. The meat is obviously his recognized 

 object, since thereto he directs his staring eyes, as 

 we men are accustomed to do when we have observed 

 something. Thither he wishes to go, since he resists 

 if he is restrained ; he drags at the chain, always in the 

 direction towards the meat, if he be withheld ; he feels 

 strongly this striving within himself, since he howls 

 and whines if he be hindered in reaching the desired 

 object. In short, he behaves like a man, who in an 

 analogous case allows himself to be guided only by 

 his sensual appreciation and impulses. Since, therefore, 

 the dog shows all expressions of a conscious sensual 

 action, we must concede to him also the pre-supposition 

 implying sensual appreciation and impulse ; otherwise 

 we have an insoluble enigma before us. 



This is so because unconscious purposeful move- 

 ments either do not come, in such cases, at all into con- 

 sideration as for instance the automatic ones or they 

 are not sufficient as with the reflex ones. ' The reflex 

 respond to each impulse with machine-like regularity, 

 always in the same way, without the slightest deviation : 



