DOMAIN OF EVOLUTIONARY HYPOTHESIS 143 



much an existing thing, and fulfils in reality the same 

 service, as horns upon the head. 



Certainly of ' consciousness ' (i.e. of psychic capaci- 

 ties and a suitable conformation of brain), as criterion 

 for ' higher ' and ' lower/ Franz will know absolutely 

 nothing. This he expresses thus : ' All disputation 

 about consciousness in animals and plants has remained 

 so far not only hypothetical but unsatisfactory. . . . 

 Therefore every objection based on consciousness I 

 decline to meet as being outside discussion ' (p. 11). 

 Franz in this treats the matter really too easily. Such 

 procedure can never lead to the establishment of the 

 truth. A whole series of investigators have occupied 

 themselves thoroughly and experimentally with the 

 question of consciousness : their reasons are to be tested 

 and thereby must a decision be arrived at ! One 

 thing is also quite undisputed, viz. that man in any case 

 stands high above all animals in ' intelligence/ This 

 truth is beyond doubt and therefore can and must be 

 regarded as the criterion of his ' highest ' position 

 (CKpfelstellung), since the intellect provides and pro- 

 vided mankind with actual definable aids to his 

 existence and to the extension of his purposeful 

 relations to the outer world. 



B. Franz has thus shown by the evidence that with 

 all organisms of the present and the past there is a 

 perfect agreement between construction and function, 

 between needs and faculties, in order that they be 

 satisfied, that all organisms are purposefully arranged. 

 On the other hand it will in the future be also maintained 



