APPLES. 117 



This latter practice is recommended for standards 

 only, as I have always found grafted plants of apples, 

 and also those of pears, plums, and cherries, far superior 

 for dwarfs to those which have been raised from buds. 



Pruning and Training. 



With regard to pruning, training, and general ma- 

 nagement of fruit trees of every description, I wish 

 it to be fully understood, that they cannot be removed 

 from the nursery too soon after the wood has become 

 ripe, and the leaves fallen off; for between this time 

 and the winter many of them will make fresh roots, 

 and be prepared to push forth their young shoots with 

 much more vigour in the spring, than those whose 

 transplanting has been deferred till a late period of the 

 season. 



It should, therefore, be constantly borne in mind, 

 that where the greatest success is desired in forming 

 new plantations of trees, whether in the orchard or the 

 garden, such necessary precautions should not be lost 

 sight of in order to secure it. 



The first step to be taken, in order to the accomplish- 

 ment of this object, is an early and effectual preparation 

 of the soil ; and the next, an early transplanting of 

 the trees ; the rest will depend upon their subsequent 

 management. On this latter subject I shall give a few 

 short, and, I hope, intelligible directions, under the dif- 

 ferent heads as they occur, in addition to what has been 

 said when treating of their propagation. 



Open Standards* 



Such trees as are intended for open standards should 

 be young, clean, and healthy 5 their stems should be 



i 3 



