PEARS. 423 



again, and wherever there are any natural spurs, the 

 artificial ones must be cut out close, so as to give them 

 room ; and such of the older ones which have produced 

 fruit reduced in length, by cutting off. that part which 

 produced the fruit to the next bud : this will keep the 

 spurs close, and render them productive. 



Trained Pears, both as espaliers and against walls, 

 through negligence and mismanagement, always abound 

 with long naked spurs, not one in twenty of which pro- 

 duces fruit ; and on those which do, it is small, ill-shaped, 

 and worthless. When trees are found in this state, 

 those spurs must be reduced by degrees, cutting some 

 clean out where they have stood too close together, and 

 shortening others. On the neck part of some of these 

 long spurs, there will be frequently one or two good 

 buds to be found ; if so, the spurs must be cut back to 

 those buds ; and where there are none, they should be 

 shortened to within one or two inches of the main 

 branch. In the course of the following summer there 

 will, in all probability, be buds formed at their base, 

 where the old spurs should at the winter pruning be 

 finally removed. 



In the course of two or three years, by following up 

 this method, the trees in most cases may be reduced 

 into a fruit-bearing state ; if, however, they have been 

 too long and too much neglected to be reduced in this 

 manner, they must be headed down. 



Pears against Walls. 



The management of this description of wall trees 

 scarcely differs from that of the espalier : they should 

 be formed in the same manner, by having an upright 

 stem furnishing horizontal branches on each side, and 

 which require both in the winter and summer a similar 

 treatment. 



The spurs on wall trees can only be allowed from the 

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