THE NONMETALLIC MINERALS. 269 



Carbonate of lime 64. 00 



Silica 17. 75 



Alumina 6. 75 



Magnesia 50 



Oxide of iron 6. 00 



Oxide of manganese 1. 00 



Water 3.00 



Loss... 1.00 



100.00 



The names concrete and beton are applied to admixtures of mortar, 

 hydraulic or otherwise, and such coarse materials as sand, gravel, 

 fragments of shells, tiles, bricks, or stone. According to Gillmore the 

 matrix of the beton proper is a hydraulic cement, while that of the 

 concrete is nonhydraulic. The terms are, however, now used almost 

 S} 7 nonymously. 



Aside from their uses as above indicated limestones are used in the 

 preparation of lime for fertilizing purposes. For this purpose, as 

 before, the lime carbonate is reduced to the condition of oxide by burn- 

 ing, and then allowed to become air slaked, when it remains in the 

 condition of a fine powder suitable for direct application to the land 

 as is the plaster made from gypsum. A lime prepared by burning 

 oyster shells is utilized in a similar manner. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



Out of the many hundreds of titles that might be given, a few only are selected. 

 Those desiring may find a very full bibliography in a series of papers on The Chemi- 

 cal and Physical Examinations of Portland Cement. Journal of the American 

 Chemical Society, XV and XVI. 1893-1894. 

 Q. A. GILLMORE. Practical Treatise on Limestones, Hydraulic Cements, and Mortars. 



New York, 1863, 333 pp. 

 The Cement Works on the Lehigh. 



Second Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Lehigh District, D. D. 1875-76, p. 59. 

 HENRY C. E. REID. The Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement 

 with Observations on some of its Constructive Applications. 



London, 1877. 



JOHANN BIELENBERG. Method for Utilizing Siliceous Earths and Rocks in the Manu- 

 facture of Cements, for the purpose of imparting to them Hydraulic Properties. 

 (German Patent No. 24038, November 28, 1882.) 



Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, III, 1884, p. 110. 

 U. CUMMINGS. Hydraulic Cements, Natural and Artificial, their Comparative Values. 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology, November, 1887. 



M. H. LE CHATELIER. Recherches Experimental sur la Constitution des Mortiers. 

 Hydrauliques. 



Chas. Dunod, Paris, 1887. 

 M. A. PROST. Note sur la Fabrication et les Proprietes des Ciments de Laitier. 



Annales des Mines, XVI, 1889, p. 158. 

 H. PEARETH BRUMELL. Natural and Artificial Cements in Canada. 



Science, XXI, 1893, p. 177. 



M. H. LE CHATELIER. Precedes d'Essai des Materiaux Hydrauliques. 

 Annales des Mines, IV, 1893, p. 367. 



