122 Disturbances of Circulation. 



into one of the internal body cavities (external and internal hcemor- 

 rliage, surface hcumorrhage and hccmorrhage into a cavity). When 

 the exuded blood fills the tissue spaces and completely saturates 

 the tissvies, the terms ]ia:niorrhagic infiltration or hccniorrhagic in- 

 ^ farction {infarcere, to stop up or fill up) are applied, the latter term 

 being used particularly when the blood coagulates in the tissue 

 and remains in it as a dense compact mass [usually in a definite 

 circumscribed area of infiltration further described in connection 

 with embolism]. If the bloody effusion causes an extensive, 

 loose, gelatinous swelling of the tissue, diffusely filling the 

 structure [applied particularly to infiltration beneath some sur- 

 face], it is spoken of as a suffusioii {suffundcre, to pour) or 

 snggillation. Small circumscribed foci of haemorrhage, apparent 

 as spots and points from which the blood cannot be discharged 

 by pressure (especially in serous membranes), are called hccmor- 

 rhagicc niacnlosce, eccJiyinoscs [xv/Modv.to overflow), petechice (from 

 pidoccliio, louse or its bite; or from pediculce flea-bites [petigo, 

 eruption]), or vihiccs when in streaks {zibc.v^ a streak). When 

 the extravasated blood collects in a rounded mass, as when it 

 dissects u[) the capsule of an organ or a connective tissue 

 structure, or when it accumulates in a cavity or becomes 

 encapsulated by a surrounding inflannnatory zone, the mass 

 is spoken of as a hccniatonia (blood boil) or hccniorrhagic cyst. 

 Special terms are also employed for these effusions of blood 

 depending upon their location : an extravasation of blood into the 

 pleural cavity is termed hccmothorax ; into the peritoneal sac, 

 hcemoccclia ( koiXIo., the body cavity) ; into the pericardial cavity, 

 ha:mopericardium ; into the uterus, hcematometra (fj.r}Tpa, uterus) ; 

 into the sac of the tunica vaginalis testis, hccniatocele (/ctjXt?, rupture). 

 In addition special names have always been made use of in con- 

 nection with haemorrhage from special organs : epistaxis ( iin-aTA^iiv, 

 to drip) for nasal haemorrhage; liccniaturia (o^pov, urine) for the 

 escape of blood with the urine ; hcrniafcniesis ( efieiv, to vomit) 

 for gastric haemorrhage (also melcrna, fieXaiva vocros, from /xAas, black, 

 because of the dark brown color given the blood by the gastric 

 juice) ; haemoptysis {ittvuv, to spit) for expectoration of blood from 

 the lungs ; metrorrhagia for haemorrhage from the uterus ; 

 hccnwrrliagic apoplexy {dirowXiffanv, to strike down, to stun) for 

 Spontaneous haemorrhage of the brain. 



Symptoms and Results. From its characteristic blood tint an 

 eft'usion of blood is easily recognizable anatomically as a dark red 

 accumulation of blood, or spot which cannot be effaced and which 



