42 , THEORY AND PRACTICE 



is a hacking, short, sharp and shallow one ; the bronchial cough 

 is hoarse and deep. 



Dyspnoea. — This is labored breathing, interrupted more or 

 less by some interference. It may be slight or severe, and it may 

 be fatal. It is seen in either acute or chronic diseases. In the 

 acute disease it requires prompt attention, but in the chronic it 

 is not dangerous. 



Roaring. — This is a recognized name of a disease, and is due 

 to the dropping into the larynx cavity of the left arytenoid car- 

 tilage. 



Whistling. — This is a shriller noise than that of roaring. It 

 may be produced by anything that constricts the caliber of the 

 air-passage. 



Rales. — This sound is produced by air passing through a 

 liquid, such as mucous, pus, blood, water, medicine, etc. 



Crepitation. — A crackling sound heard in the early stages of 

 pneumonia. 



Friction Sounds. — This is the sound of two dry surfaces rub- 

 bing together, as heard in the second stages of acute pleurisy. 



Sneezing. — Among the lower animals, this is simply blowing 

 the nose, there is no cough. 



Snoring. — A noisy breathing produced usually by a polypus in 

 the posterior nares. It is occasionally the result of nervous dis- 

 turbance, seen in nervous high-bred Jersey cows. Pug dogs al- 

 ways snore. 



Wheezing. — This is the sound heard when the air passes 

 through a more or less obstructed passage, such as would be 

 caused by a nasal polypus, enchondroma of the septum nasi, or 

 the asthmatic exacerbation of heaves. 



RHINITIS. 



Definition. — Rhinitis is the inflammation of the mucous mem- 

 brane lining the nose. It is also called catarrh, which is derived 

 from the Greek katarrein, meaning to fiow down, and always 

 refers to the discharge of a mucous membrane. The name ca- 

 tarrh can be applied to any mucous membrane of the body, but 

 it is usually applicable to the nasal membrane. 



