OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 75 



observations in the human subject. A German authority gives 



the following statistics of 6666 cases of pneumonia in the human : 



53.70 per cent were right lateral. 



38.23 per cent were left lateral. 



8.07 per cent were double. 



These will run about the same in the horse. 



Semeiology. — First Stage — Breathing is accelerated, nostrils 

 dilated slightly, temperature probably 106, pulse 50, full, round 

 and strong. Auscultation reveals a faint crackling sound in the 

 lungs ; respiration probably 20. 



Second stage — By auscultation you hear some crackling and 

 a good deal of dullness ; respiration a little faster, probably 24 ; 

 nostrils a little more dilated ; visible mucous membranes highly 

 injected and about the 3rd day they begin to become icteric (yel- 

 low). The secretions become altered, namely, the urine gets 

 scanty and high colored ; feces are scanty ; what pellets are 

 passed are coated with slime; thirst increases; expired air hot: 

 tubular breathing increased. In normal respiration you do not 

 hear any tubular breathing; the air passes in and out without 

 any perceptible sound. But in case of rapid breathing, as the 

 vesicles begin to fill, we can hear the air rushing in and out 

 through the bronchioles. This is called "tubular breathing." In 

 normal breathing the only sound we hear is the quiet respiratory 

 murmur. 



The symptoms run along from day to day gradually grow- 

 ing worse: temperature always about 106; pulse getting more 

 rapid,— 3rd day about 60; 4th, 64; 5th, 70; 6th, 75; and 7th, 80. 

 The strength of the pulse will depend upon the extent of the 

 lungs involved. If both lungs are involved, the case is usually 

 fatal. A case of double pneumonia that is fatal generally dies on 

 the 5th day. The animal may live to the 6th, and if he lives to 

 the 7th, there is hope that the crisis will be passed with safety 

 and he will recover. 



Suppose that a fatal case with extensive consolidation ha^ 

 been running for 5 days : on the morning of the 5th day you find 

 the nostrils intensely dilated, respirations probably 40-50 per 

 minute, and there is an impulse given to the body by the respira- 

 tion. You will detect that impulse by placing your hand on 



