OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 103 



courses and terminates in gangrene. The animal dies from sep- 

 ticaemia. 



As regards the horse the conditions producing choke are as 



follows : 



1. Oesophagismus. 



2. Oesophagitis — especially a factor 



when the inflammation runs to ulcera- 

 tion. 



3. Organic diseases of the gullet in the 



form of a stricture, frequently fol- 

 lowing oesophagitis. 



4. Diseases of the salivary glands, by 



which the quantity of saliva is dimin- 

 ished. It is impossible for the food 

 to go down the oesophagus without 

 being thoroughly insalivated. 



5. Voracious appetite — the horse bolts his 



food and it enters the oesophagus dry. 



Deranged or decayed teeth interfere 



with mastication. 

 Treatment. — The first thing to do is to give a hypodermic in- 

 jection of morphine— 4 grains. As a rule it is impossible to 

 move obstructions downward, but they can be moved upward. 

 Give an internal dose of cotton seed oil (about 2 ounces) with a 

 syringe. Then manipulate the obstruction rubbing toward the 

 throat. The animal will throw out the oil, and then give another 

 dose and repeat. You can put a hose through the nose of the 

 horse and turn the water on, thus washing out the obstruction at 

 times. This surgical operation includes exposing the oesophagus 

 and nassing a ligature around it with the stomach tube inserted 

 to prevent the ingesta from falling into the larynx. Before at- 

 tempting this operation read up on it. 



Cattle often choke in tlie cardiac region. The proper thing 

 to do is to place a speculum in the mouth ( in case the choke is 

 in the cervical region) and let some one press upwards beneath 

 the obstruction, while a small hand goes in and gets it. Or a 

 probe can be passed and push it down into the stomach. 



