OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 135 



of water — that is a little less than 8 per cent solution. Shoot 

 down through the fistula about two drams of the solution and 

 smear the external opening with vaseline. This injection will 

 produce a sloughing and inflammation and the debris will empty 

 into the bowel. Usually one injection will cure the trouble in 

 the course of a week. 



In using the trocar and canula, do not leave the canula in the 

 tissues more than two or three minutes. Congestion may gather 

 around it and fix the tissues so that when you take it out an 

 opening remains. Two or three minutes is long enough. 



In all bad cases there is great nervous prostration. For this 

 give alcohol, strychnine, ginger, capsicum, and oil of turpentine. 



In close ribbed horses you will find that the flank does not 

 distend much and is not so drum like as in a long flanked horse. 

 These cases require more prompt attention than long flanked 

 horses. Watch the mucous membranes for cyanosis indicating 

 the necessity for tapping. 



INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS. 



The intestinal obstructions consist — of calculi, dust balls, bots 

 or any other foreign object that might get into the bowels. As 

 applied to horses these will probably cover all that you will ever 

 find. Milch cows are inclined to eat all kinds of stufif, such as 

 table cloths, etc., dogs are inclined to swallow marbles, spools of 

 thread, and in fact any hard substance. 



Other obstructions of the intestines are caused by: 



2. Hernia and strangulation. 



3. Stricture. 



4. Volvulus. 



5. Intussusception. 



Calculi are composed of carbonate of lime and usually some 

 carbonate of magnesia with it. They also contain more or less 

 of the phosphates of lime and magnesia. These salts accumulate 

 on the outside of a small stone, nail head or other foreign body 

 in thin layers and they always begin to form around a nucleus. 

 This is usually a piece of a nail, a screw, any foreign object such 

 as a little pebble, etc. It must be something that does not dis- 



