OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 217 



RENAL CALCULUS. 



A renal calculus is a calcareous secretion which is usually 

 found in the pelvis of the kidney. It may be in the form of 

 stone of considerable size or it may be in the form of gravel, 

 which floats down through the ureters with the urine into the 

 bladder. The calcareous material may lodge in the ureters or 

 may remain in the bladder to form large stones. In case the 

 ureter becomes obstructed the pelvis of the kidneys will become 

 distended, local inflammation will follow with more or less sup- 

 puration. Suppurative nephritis will be the ultimate result un- 

 less the stone is dislodged. A horse in this condition would die 

 from a combination of pyaemia and uraemia and coma would be 

 the form of death. The stone is composed of carbonate and 

 phosphate of lime, the carbonates predominating. 



Symptoms. — Colicky pains at irregular intervals are present, 

 especially after severe exercise. The urine is exceedingly heavy, 

 being charged with earthy salts. Occasionally there is some blood 

 in the urine and it will clot on the floor. Upon examination of 

 the ureter through the rectum you can delect the distension and 

 will feel the soft, fluctuating enlargement which can be traced 

 to the kidney. 



Treatment. — Give the horse pure water to drink (rain water 

 is the best). Give plenty of bran and grass in season and hydro- 

 chloric acid in dram doses once a day in a pint of water, 



CYSTITIS. 



Cystitis is inflammation of the lining of the bladder. 



Etiology. — The inflammation may result from calculi or from 

 gravel. The most common cause is irritation of the mucosa or 

 irritating substances in the food or water. In the human it is 

 often caused by gonorrhoea. 



Semeiology. — Nervous excitement is marked at first and then 

 depression comes on. Elevation of temperature may or may not 

 be preseni. Micturition is very painful with spasms of the 

 bladder (tenesmus). The horse urinates frequently and the 

 urine is in small quantities, hot and high-colored, sometimes 



