SHOE-NAILS. 237 



then turned down (' clinched,' as it is termed), 

 any superfluous length being broken off. These 

 clinches are made with a hammer. Their ends 

 may be rasped slightly, but in doing this care 

 must be exercised to prevent the rasp touching the 

 crust. 



The toe and fore-quarters of the crust being the 

 thicker — i.e., the wider — parts, they are the best 

 suited for the purpose of nailing the shoe on to. 

 Four, or at most Jive, nails are sufficient to fasten a 

 shoe. If five are used, three will be on one side and 

 two on the other ; and since the outer side of the 

 crust is somewhat thicker than the inner, the three 

 should be placed on the outside. The two inner 

 nails should not be opposite to the outer ones, but 

 divide the two spaces between the three. 



The heads of the nails should not project above 

 the nail-holes, since it is evident that if they do 

 so they wear first of all, and the shoe must 

 drop off. They should therefore be countersunk, 

 and fit the nail-holes exactly — the punch which 

 is used for making the nail -holes corresponding 

 exactly with the size and shape of the heads of 

 the nails. 



Now, it is very possible that if a shoe is 

 perfectly flat on the side next to the ground, a 

 stone may lodge between it and the frog, and 



