WORDS AND PHRASES 475 



is so steep that it would be dangerous to sloop on 

 snow. 



Dry Topped. Having a dead or partially defoliated 

 crown, discolored foliage, as the result of injury or 

 disease. 



Dudler. See dudley. 



Dudley. An engine for hauling logs, which propels it- 

 self and drays its load by revolving a large spool 

 around which are several turns of a cable fixed at 

 each end of the track. 



Duffle. The personal belongings of a woodsman or 

 lumberjack which he takes into the woods; dunnage. 



Dump Hook. A levered chain grab hook attached to the 

 evener to which a team is hitched when loading logs. 

 A movement of the lever releases the hook from the 

 logging chain without stopping the team. 



Dump Logs. To roll logs over a bluff, or from a logging 

 car or sled into the water. 



Dust a Dam. To fill up with earth or gravel the cracks 

 or small holes between planks in the gate of a splash 

 dam. 



Dutchman. A short stick placed transversely between 

 the outer logs of a load to divert the load toward 

 the middle and so keep any logs from falling off. 



End Mark. See mark. 



Estimate. See cruise. 



Estimator. See cruiser. 



Expectation Value. See forest expectation value. 



Experiment Area. A forest area of known size upon 

 which successive measurements or other detailed 

 studies are made for the determination of the growth 

 and behavior of the stand, or upon which experiments 

 are conducted to ascertain the effect of methods of 

 treatment upon the forest. 



Exposure. See aspect. 



Face Log. See head log. 



Faller. One who fells trees. See head faller. Second 

 faller. 



Falling Ax. An ax with a long helve and a long nar- 

 row bit, designed especially for felling trees. 



Falling Wedge. A wedge used to throw a tree in the 

 desired direction, by driving it into the saw kerf. 



False Ring. The layer of wood, less than a full season's 

 growth, and seldom extending around the stem, which 

 is formed whenever the diameter growth of a tree 

 is interrupted and begins again during the same grow- 

 ing season. 



Feeder. See barn boss. 



