480 TIMBER BONDS 



cept young trees; such as ferns, mosses, grasses and 

 weeds. See underbrush. 



Ground Fire. See forest fire. 



Ground Loader. See send-up man. 



Group Method. A method of conservative lumbering 

 in which groups of young trees which have sprung up 

 in openings caused by logging, insect damage, wind- 

 fall, snowbreak, or other agency, are taken as start- 

 ing points for the future forests; or if these are 

 insufficient, small openings are purposely made. Re- 

 production by self-sown seed from the mature stand 

 at the edges of these groups is secured by careful cut- 

 tings, which extend the groups until they join. 



Group Mixture. A mixed forest in which trees of the 

 same species occur in groups not large enough to be 

 considered pure stands. 



Group Seed Method. A method of conservative lumber- 

 ing in which the forest is reproduced after a single 

 cutting, by leaving in groups seed trees of the kind de- 

 sired. 



Grouser. A large and long stick of square timber 

 sharpened at the lower end and placed in the bow 

 of a steam logging boat; it takes the place of an anchor 

 in shallow water, and can be raised or lowered by 

 steam power. 



Guard a Hill. To keep a logging road on steep decline 

 in condition for use. 



Gun. To aim a tree in felling it. In the case of a very 

 large brittle tree, such as redwood, a sighting device 

 is used. 



Gunning Stick. See gun. 



Gutterman. See swamper. 



Gutter Road. The path followed in skidding logs. 



Handbarrow. Two strong, light poles held in position 

 by rungs, upon which bark or wood is carried by two 

 men. 



Hand Pike. A piked lever usually six to eight feet long 

 for handling floating logs. 



Hand Skidder. One who accompanies a log as it is be- 

 ing dragged and places short skids beneath it. 



Hang the Boom. To put the boom in place. 



Hang Up. 1. To fell a tree so that it catches against 

 another instead of falling to the ground. 2. As ap- 

 plied to river driving, to discontinue; thus a drive may 

 be "hung up" for lack of water, or for some other 

 reason. 



Hardwood. As applied to trees and logs, broadleafed, 

 belonging to the dicotyledons. 



