496 TIMBER BONDS 



may be hauled in either direction without being turned 

 around. 



Sprout. A tree which has grown from a stump or root. 

 A coppice growth. 



Spud. A tool for removing bark. A barking iron. 



Spudder. See Barker. 



Stag. To cut off trousers at the knee, or boots at the 

 ankle. 



Stand. All growing trees in a forest or in part of a 

 forest. 



Standard. A tree from one to two feet in diameter 

 breasthigh. See Tree class. 



Standard Forest. A forest of standards. 



Stand Class. All stands of similar density, height and 

 volume for a given age and diameter and a given lo- 

 cality class. The index stand may constitute the first 

 stand class. 



Stand Fire. See forest fire. 



Stand Method. That method of conservative lumbering 

 in which reproduction is secured from self-sown seed 

 by means of successive cuttings made throughout the 

 mature stand, thus leading to the production of a new 

 stand approximately even aged. These successive cut- 

 tings encourage seed production, create conditions 

 favorable to the growth of seedlings, and gradually 

 remove the remaining trees of the mature stand as the 

 young growth develops. The series of cuttings which 

 vary in number and duration according to the degree 

 of difficulty with which reproduction is effected, is 

 divided into the following four kinds: 



Preparatory cuttings fit the stand for its reproduc- 

 tion by the removal of dead, dying or defective trees, 

 and prepare the ground for the germination of seeds. 

 A stand in which one or more preparatory cuttings 

 have been made is in the preparatory stage. 



Seed cuttings encourage seed production by the 

 further opening of the stand, and admit light in 

 quantity favorable for the development of young 

 growth. A stand in which one or more seed cuttings 

 have been made is in the seeding stage. 



Removal cuttings gradually remove the mature: 

 stand which would otherv.ise retard the development 

 of the young trees. A stand in which one or more 

 removal cuttings have been made is in the removal 

 stage. 



Final cutting is the last of the removal cuttings, in 

 which all of the old stand still remaining is cut. 



Stand Table. A tabular statement of the number of 



