502 TIMBER BONDS 



Two-Storied Forest. Comprising on the same area two 

 classes, which vary considerably in height, composed 

 of trees of different species. The term is not applicable 

 to forest under reproduction, in which the appearance 

 of two stories is the temporary result of an incom- 

 plete process, but to those forests of which the two 

 stories of growth are a natural and permanent fea- 

 ture. In a two-storied forest the taller trees form the 

 over-wood, or upper story. The shorter trees form 

 the under-wood, or lower story. 



Underbrush. All large, woody plants, such as witch- 

 hobble, laurel, striped maple and devil's club, which 

 grow in a forest, but do not make trees. 



Undercut. The notch cut in a tree to determine the di- 

 rection in which the tree is to fall, and to prevent 

 splitting. 



Undercutter. A skilled woodman who chops the under- 

 cut in trees so that they shall fall in the proper direc- 

 tion. 



Undergrowth. The ground cover, underbrush, and young 

 trees below the large sapling stage. 



Undei'wood. See Two-Storied Forest. 



Uneven-Aged Forest. See Irregular Forest. 



Union Drive. A drive of logs belonging to several own- 

 ers, who share the expense pro rata. 



Upper Story. See Two-Storied Forest. 



Upright Roller. A flanged roller placed upright at a 

 bend in a skid road to direct the cable. 



Used Length. The sum of the lengths of logs cut from 

 a tree. 



Used Volume. The sum of the volumes of logs cut from 

 a tree. 



Valuation Area. A forest area of known size upon which 

 measurements or other detailed studies are made for 

 the determination of the stand or yield. 



Valuation Survey. The measurement or other detailed 

 study of the stand upon a valuation or experiment 

 area. Two kinds of valuation survey are distinguished: 

 1. The strip survey comprises the measurement 

 of a stand, or a given portion of it, upon strips usual- 

 ly one chain wide. 2. The plot survey comprises the 

 measurement of the stand, or a given portion of it, 

 upon isolated plots not in the form of strips. 



Valuer. See Cruiser. 



Van. The small store in a logging camp in which cloth- 

 ing, tobacco and medicine are kept to supply the crew. 



Veteran. A tree over two feet in diameter breasthigh. 



Veteran Forest. A forest of veterans. 



