PLEASURABLE AND PAINFUL EMOTIONS 71 



not respectful feelings stimulated by respectful 

 manners ? Those who wish to stir the village 

 labourer to independance bid him not to salute 

 the parson and the squire. 



We class our emotions as pleasurable or pain- 

 ful according as they proceed from satisfied or 

 dissatisfied impulses. Pleasure and pain may also, 

 as we have seen, result from sensations that are 

 unconnected with impulses as, for instance, from 

 the taste of chocolate or the smell of sulphuretted 

 hydrogen ; and we may more conveniently use 

 the terms " happiness " and " unhappiness " 

 when we are concerned with the agreeable or 

 disagreeable feelings which accompany satisfied 

 or dissatisfied impulses. Generally, the satisfac- 

 tion of an instinct is exhilarating : its obstruction 

 causes uneasiness or irritation. We subconsciously 

 experience an agreeable sense of comfort when 

 our internal organs are functioning properly ; 

 irregularities produce a mood of depression. 

 We give special names to feelings of happiness 

 and unhappiness that proceed from particular im- 

 pulses which are satisfied or baffled : posses- 

 sion produces joy, beieavement, sorrow, failure 

 regret. The happiness oi gratified egotism is 

 termed pride ; shame is its reverse. The ex- 

 pected happiness of satisfying a particular 

 instinct reinforces its control over our conscious 

 life by influencing our choice when various 

 instincts are competing for mastery. But it does 

 not follow that it will influence us beneficially. 

 Happiness may be obtained by the satisfaction of 

 impulses that are exceedingly injurious to the 

 individual and to society. 







Our behaviour is, then, influenced by pleasure 

 and pain, happiness and unhappiness. Are these 



