REASON 103 



be over-ridden by reason. The efficiency of reason 

 may be improved by education : by practice we 

 can extend our power of discerning properties 

 in things. But the gulf which separates man from 

 the brutes is formed not only by superiority in 

 reasoning powers, pure and simple, but also by 

 the far-reaching effects of language and in- 

 trospective consciousness. By language proper- 

 ties, once perceived, are clearly denned. By 

 introspective consciousness not only has the 

 appreciation of properties, and the accuracy 

 of inferences, become very greatly enhanced, but 

 properties themselves are subjected to analysis, 

 and are discovered to possess properties of their 

 own. So have originated the abstract sciences of 

 logic, numbers, and quantities. These all-impor- 

 tant developments will be further considered 

 in Chapter VII. 



A word of explanation should be added. We 

 have brought together in this and the preceding 

 Chapters certain of our vital impulses and have 

 classed them as instinctive, because they are of a kind 

 to which the term "instinct" is generally applied. 

 But in their essential character as innate prompt- 

 ings to action they do not differ from the impulses 

 to which Chapters II, III, VI, VII, and VIII are 

 devoted that is to say, from the impulses of 

 changefulness, responsiveness to sensation, mem- 

 ory, habit, imitation, consciousness, and will. 

 These attributes of Life have been treated 

 separately because they are so general in their 

 character and so far-reaching in their effect. 



