RACE-CHANGE BY ENVIRONMENT 227 



Africa and Spain. It has often been noticed that 

 English families settled in Ireland become " more 

 Irish than the Irish." English colonists in South 

 Africa contract many resemblances with the 

 Boers. This may be ascribed to the effect of 

 intermarriages or imitation. But no such reason 

 can be given for the change which is taking place 

 in the North American type, and in the character 

 of the Anglo-Saxons who have settled under the 

 cheerful skies of Australia. 



Southern traits are less mutable. The Jews, 

 the gipsies, have lived for generations in Northern 

 Europe, but have remained practically untouched 

 by its influences in feature or in character : the 

 Moplahs have resisted for eight centuries the 

 enervating climate of Malabar : negro character 

 has not been changed materially by a long exile 

 from Africa and by conversion to Christianity : 

 the Latin colonists in South America have re- 

 mained Spanish and Portuguese indeed the 

 distinctive traits of the Basques and Gallegos of 

 Northern Spain may still be traced in localities, 

 such as Costa Rica, where they formed a large 

 proportion of the colonists. America, indeed, 

 illustrates on a grand scale the contrast between 

 the compactness of southern and the fluidity of 

 northern attributes. The Anglo-Saxons, Germans 

 and Scandinavians who colonized North America 

 have developed some unmistakable distinctions in 

 their new environment, whilst Spanish or Portu- 

 guese from South America would pass for natives 

 of Madrid or Lisbon, and have infused many of 

 their leading characteristics into the native races 

 with whom they have interbred. But, it will be 

 urged, if southern traits are, alike with northern 

 traits, derived very largely from environal in- 

 fluences, they should also be modified by a change 

 of environment. If, however, as seems probable, 



