478 Transactions of the American Institute. 



in Great Britain and western Europe are worked by wind-power. 

 The mills are heavy buildings of stone, of a conical shape, with arms 

 and sails thirty-six feet long, which give considerable power; but 

 such mills are not adapted to the use of American farmers for irrigat- 

 ing purposes, and yet they need a heavy building for the necessary 

 stability in carrying machinery. How they are going to get this in 

 a wind-mill is not very apparent as yet. At present, wind-mills are not 

 satisfactory. 



Prof. Henry E. Colton — During a visit to eastern Long Island last 

 winter, I saw a large number of wind-mills doing a great deal of 

 work, and doing it well. One in Easthampton ground corn and 

 wheat, and also had bolting apparatus. It made excellent flour, and 

 the building, as it now stands, is over seventy-five years old. I do 

 not now remember what it cost, but it was substantially built, full 

 twenty-five feet high and fifteen broad at the base. Dr. Smith has 

 alluded to the famous mill at Potsdam, and to the anecdote of Fred- 

 erick as showing the respect of right and justice in Prussia. This 

 mill at Easthampton ground corn before Frederick William began to 

 reign, and at its base was held the first meeting to protest against the 

 aggression of the British king upon private and chartered rights. 

 The fans or sails of this mill are arranged so as to 'tack, and the upper 

 part of the mill is fixed on great rollers. I think in a good breeze it 

 would grind 200 bushels of corn per day. I saw others — light, airy 

 structures — which are used for pumping water. The Long Island and 

 Southside railroads have several of them. 



Making Barn-yard Manure. 

 Mr. S. W. Stebbins, Portland, N. Y., wrote : "As long ago as the 

 time of Yirgil it was held that the foundation of good farming was 

 to have a big dunghill. I propose to show how we in Chautauqua 

 county are effecting this desirable object. First, our farmers, espe- 

 cially dairymen, find it profitable to buy western corn; the manure 

 thus gained, at least, is clear profit. This alone in time must result 

 in transferring the fertility of the west to the hills of Chautauqua. I 

 have a strip of ground, with a fence on the south, much haunted by 

 the sheep, which has become rich. I intend to move this fence, so 

 this rich piece shall go into meadow, and the sheep may fertilize 

 another strip. We are working gradually toward soiling. Nearly 

 all feed corn-fodder through the latter part of the summer, and many 

 stable their cows nights through the entire summer, feeding meal 

 until something green grows large enough to cut. I stable my cows, 



