172 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. 



may.be g-ot out of bad pomace and darkened by drying on a dusty floor. 

 Good seed can generally be known by careful examination, after breaking 

 or cutting off the husk. If good, the meat and germ are plump and of a 

 clear, pearly white; if poor, it is of a paler, dirty white, or yellow color. 

 If you have seed to bu}^, ge^ of trustworthy dealers, and such have we 

 found James A. Eoot, of Skaneateles, N. Y., to whom we are indebted for 

 the above directions. One cider mill alone in this vicinity, running by 

 water, turns out 2,800 barrels of cider per year when fruit is plenty." 



In conclusion, Mr. Phenix makes the following pertinent inquiry, which 

 is worthy of all attention: 



" Why does not every one who can, select his fruit for seeds, especially 

 for severe climates? Only the most hard}^ vigorous, productive, perfectly 

 formed seedlings should be chosen for that purpose. ' Like begets like,' 

 and it must be that a few well conducted experiments of this kind would 

 bring selected seed for apple stocks as much at a premium in proportion 

 as are certain breeds of cattle or horses." 



[From the Journal de la Societe Imperiale et Centrale d'Horticulture, Paris, 1862.] 



Abstract of an Account of the Cultivation of the Vine, in 



SINGLE ROWS, ADAPTED EITHER TO FORM AlLIES IN GaRDENS, OR 



TO FORM Vineyards in high Northern Latitudes. 



BY M. MARGUERRITTE, CHIEF GARDENER OF THE INSTITUTE OF NOBLES, AT WARSAW. 



Warsaw is situated in latitude 521 dgg. north. Its winters are at least 

 as cold as those of New York. Its summers are very short. 



From these causes, as the vine (of the old continent) is very sensitive to 

 frost, it will not escape the rigors of a long winter unless it be buried in 

 the ground during the whole continuance of the cold season. In this ope- 

 ration (called couchage) the vine, if planted erect, must be bent downwards 

 at right angles, which operation often deprives it of its whole vitality, and 

 always injures it materialljr. In spite of the care of the gardeners, cracks 

 and ruptures take place, especially in the most vigorous, and what, there- 

 ■ fore, otherwise be the most productive of the stalks. Those stalks which 

 resist this injury will not, in consequence of the bending they are com- 

 pelled to undergo, furnish a sufficient quantity of sap, which therefore with 

 difficulty assumes its circulation in the spring. 



Struck with this inconvenience, M. Marguerritte invented a new method 

 of planting, by which, after a trial of several years, he is satisfied that he 

 has perfectly succeeded. 



The vines are set in a position in which the stalks make an angle of no 

 more than 15 deg. with the surface of the ground. The plants are about 

 10 feet (3 m.) apart in the row, and if there is more than one row, the rows 

 are about 40 inches (1 m.) apart. 



Posts about three feet in length, and four inches in diameter, are set in 

 the direction of the rows, having been pTeviously charred at the ends, or 

 coated with tar. 



Between the posts galvanized wires (No. 15) are stretched. The lower- 



