THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS 37 



" Forest Valuation," John Wiley & Sons, N. Y., 1915, will be 

 found useful for this purpose.* 



A . Modification of logging required by silvicultural demands. 



1. Amount and character of merchantable timber to be 



left standing. 



2. Methods of brush disposal and precautions required, 



for protection of young timber. 



B. General conditions affecting appraisal. 



1. Market value of lumber. 



2. Size of mill and cost of milling, with profits. 



3. Cost of main transportation system. 



C. Specific conditions affecting appraisal. 



1. Specific costs of logging the unit. 



2. Specific appraisal of value of standing timber per unit 



of log scale. 



D. Appraised value of standing timber, by species, for 



specific units of product, modified for overrun to 

 apply to standing timber, j 



Division of Area 



In order to facilitate the management of a forest, it is sys- 

 tematically divided into units of area. A forest may be divided 

 from various points of view into units, either localized in the 

 field, or differentiated in the working plan, or both. 



The division of area for purposes of forest organization is 

 in Europe considered the prerequisite of any working plan. 

 For the extensive conditions prevailing in many parts of America 

 the elaborate divisions of area used in Europe can well be 

 waived. Indeed it is conceivable that a useful working plan 



* More detailed outlines for studies of lumber operations have been pub- 

 lished by the Yale Forest School (Prof. R. C. Bryant), and by the N. Y. 

 State College of Forestry at Syracuse University (Vol. XVI, No. 7.) 



t For detailed methods of determining the value of merchantable standing 

 timber, see Chapman: "Forest Valuation," Chapter XI; also Roth: "Forest 

 Valuation," Chapter VI; also, " Manual of Stumpage Appraisals," U. S. Forest 

 Service, November, 19 14. 



