58 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS 



A stand in which one or more removal cuttings have been 

 made is in the removal stage. G., Lichtschlag. F., coupe 

 claire. 



The final cutting is the last of the removal cuttings, in which 

 all of the old stand still remaining is cut. G., Abtriebsschlag, 

 Endhieb. F., coupe definitive. In practice a two-cut shelter- 

 wood method has been used, including the seed-cutting and 

 final-cutting stages. The shelterwood method may be applied 

 to a stand in narrow strips, from the leeward side, at such inter- 

 vals that reproduction cuttings are generally going on in three 

 strips at one time, one strip being in the removal stage, one in 

 the seeding stage, and one in the preparatory stage. This 

 manner of appHcation is termed shelterwood strip method. 



Another modification of the shelterwood method of repro- 

 duction is that in which groups of valuable advance growth, 

 if present, form the starting points for the cutting which radiates 

 from these centres. Such an application is termed shelter- 

 wood group method. 



The determination of the silvicultural method to be prac- 

 tised will require the best judgment and experience of the forest 

 organizer. Complete forest descriptions and frequent observa- 

 tions within the forest will assist greatly in determining the 

 best silvicultural system to pursue.* 



The Rotation 



By rotation is meant the predetermined time period during 

 which it is intended to cut over a working group; the predeter- 

 mined, approximate felling age of stands. Rotation refers to 

 the forest as a whole and is expressed not by a definite year, 

 but a period of ten to twenty years; Jelling age refers to a stand 

 and a definite year. 



Rotations are determined by (i) technical, (2) economic, 



* It does not seem expedient to enter into a discussion of the specific applica- 

 tion of various silvicultural methods. Such a discussion will be found in Roth: 

 " Forest Regulation," pp. 90-107, in books on silviculture and in Recknagel 

 and Bentley: " Forest Management," John Wiley & Sons, N. Y., 1917. 



