140 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS 



removal cuttings. The last two cuts (light giving and final 

 removal) operate not only in the coppice, but also in the seed- 

 bearing standards which may be present (coppice with stand- 

 ards) . 



The period of transition is thus thirty years' additional 

 coppice plus twenty years of reproduction cutting if the coppice 

 contains standards; otherwise extensive planting is necessary. 

 The transition from coppice with standards to high forest is 

 cheaper and easier than is the transition from straight coppice. 

 Fifty years is the usual transition period, or about one-fourth 

 to one-third the high-forest rotation. Even by planting the 

 seedlings the time can only be shortened by greatly heightened 

 annual expense unless the area to be transformed is small. 

 There is also the danger of creating large areas of even-aged 

 stands if too much is planted each year. 



The forest regulation consists of a general cutting plan 

 for the whole period of transition. This cutting plan desig- 

 nates for each of the stages of transformation the approximate 

 amount to be cut and how the cut is to be conducted. Where 

 the seedhngs have to be introduced artificially, this must be 

 supplemented by a careful planting plan, showing species, kind 

 of stock, spacing, etc., and the amounts and areas to be planted 

 in each stage of the transformation. 



It is obvious that the sustained yield sufferj temporarily 

 because of the cessation of coppice yields and the delay in 

 securing high-forest yields. To minimize this delay it is often 

 advisable to plant species of fairly rapid growth and hence low 

 rotation age, such as chestnut, ash, pine, European larch, etc. 



The transition from selection forest to even-aged forest 

 is comparatively simple, but requires one or two rotations. 

 The object is secured by a change in the silvicultural method 

 employed, and can be brought about in a variety of ways. 



The quickest and most useful is by means of shelterwood- 

 selection cuttings, whereby the period of reproduction, that 

 is, the space of time required for the renewal of the stand, 

 is reduced from the entire rotation to thirty to fifty years. 



