THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS 199 



percentage of any of the German states, only excepting the petty 

 principalities of Waldeck and of Reuss.* 



The Black Forest range traverses Baden from north to 

 south like a backbone. The preponderating species are there- 

 fore spruce and fir (whence the name " Black Forest ") except 

 in the northern plains and along the Rhine, where there are stands 

 of hardwoods (mostly coppice) and of Scotch pine. 



As in Wiirttemberg, a magnificent road system makes acces- 

 sible every portion of the forests; a ready market exists for 

 almost every class of products. 



In Baden, too, forest organization developed from the vol- 

 ume period method (Massenfachwerk). But under the pre- 

 vailing forest conditions of the Grand Duchy, which is charac- 

 terized by splendid natural reproduction,! especially of fir, the 

 method did not prove feasible; for the process of natural 

 reproduction requires a much longer time than the twenty- 

 year period (usually from thirty to fifty years). 



In 1846 a combined area and volume " framework " method 

 was prescribed, first worked out for a whole rotation, then 

 determining volumes only for the first decade. This met with 

 difficulties on account of the selection forests, so that, in 1869, an 

 adaptation of Heyer's formula (method No. 9) was prescribed. 



Since i860 thoroughgoing revisions of the working plan are 

 undertaken every ten years. They are based on the results of 

 the past decade; the actual cut, as compared with the esti- 

 mates; the effect thereof on the condition of the forest, etc. 



The present working-plan procedure dates from 191 2, J its 

 characteristic features are as follows: § 



* These have 38.18 and 37.74 per cent, respectively. The average for the 

 whole German Empire is 25.88 per cent. 



t See " Natural Regeneration in the Black Forest," Forestry Quarterly, 

 Volume XI, No. 3, pp. 330-339. 



I " Dienstanweisung uber Forsteinrichtung u.s.w. in Baden (Forsteinricht- 

 ungsordnung) " 191 2. 



§ Adapted from "Die Neue Dienstanweisung fur Forsteinrichtung," Allgemeine 

 Forst- und Jagd-Zeitung, Dec, 191 2, pp. 420-425, briefed For. Quart., Vol. XI, 

 No. I, pp. 111-114. 



