itlJi. nklt-KmjKJt^EUS REVIEW. 



117 



takou by theUuiou and in what inamior the 

 money shall be expended. I am well-satis- 

 tiod that all this opposition to the anialya- 

 niatiou of the Uuiou comes about from a 

 lack of thoroughly uuderstandius the mat- 

 ter. Of course, matters i)ertainiug to the 

 mana-^ement would be discussed at the 

 annual conventions, and recommendations 

 could be made, but these would be subject 

 to the approval of the board of directors. 

 If the matter were of sutlineut importance it 

 could be summitted to tiie whole member- 

 ship for a vote. — Ed. | 



The Candying of Honey — Its Liquefaction — 

 A Standard Needed for Extracted Honey. 



J. O. WEST. 



W, Z. HuToniNSON, 



Dear Sir — 



Your cardof K^th 



inst. at hand. I did not intend to imply 



that the Review contained less information 



about honey than the other bee journals, 



but that I had to collect my information 



about honey outside of this source. You 



say : Is it about the marketing, or purity, 



or its composition, or how to take 



care of it, or what ? Yes, all these are more 



or less involved. 



As a dealer, I have found it detrimental 

 to honey producers to sell either directly or 

 indirectly to the consumer granulated hon- 

 ey, or honey that will crystalize on their 

 hands. 



As a student, I have compared samples of 

 honey from many ditferent parts of the 

 country and found quite a proportion scorch- 

 ed in liquefying. 



I have also found by long and faithful 

 scientific research, that all honeys that 

 granulate are imperfect to exactly tlie ex- 

 tent to which they crystalize. That granu- 

 lation, its cause and prevention is o: e of the 

 most important scientific and least-under- 

 stood of anything connected with the bee 

 keeping industry is apparent from the way 

 "candied" honey is palmed off on the 

 consumer with hardly the shadow of in- 

 struction to prepare the same for use. 



To be more brief in giving you an idea 

 of the gist of ray meaning, I'll put it in this 

 form. 



Have we a standard in this country, if so, 

 what is it ? 



Into what two general classes would you 

 divide honey ? What is pectinous honey ? 



What is floral honey V Under what condition 

 do bees store honey ttiat ivill not granulate V 

 What are the conditions in whicli they store 

 honey that mill granulate ? Wliat is the 

 primary use of formic acid in honey ? What 

 figure does the " formic" part cut ? 



The heat of a stove top, or its oven, is an 

 unknown quantity; can you send me the pic- 

 ture of a novice who can liquefy solid honey 

 by this dry heat, without heating some part 

 of it above 212 F. ? 



What are the primary requsites, by once 

 heating, to jierinancntly liquefy honey with- 

 out impairing its color or flavor ? la it possi- 

 ble to bring extracted honey up to a uniform 

 standard, in density, flavor and chemical 

 components, as comb honey from the same 

 source ? 



These are a few of the questions that have 

 crossed my hurizon in time gone by, and 

 which you may be familiar with, and con- 

 sider of no special consequence, but if not, 

 why is it that I can take any good grade (not 

 scorched ) of h or 7 cent extracted honey 

 and perfect it so that merchants, druggists, 

 etc. take it in quantity at 12).2 cents for 

 family use when they have nice white gran- 

 ulated and "brown sugared" (scorched) 

 honey on their shelves ? 



There seems to be nothing new coming up 

 about bees, and with sparse crops and a re- 

 hash of the old stories, my enthusiasm for 

 bees is about petered. Now all this is in re- 

 ply for what I had no business to say to you 

 before: I will try to be more guarded in the 

 future. 



Fulton, Kans. Jan. 20, 189C. 



Fore-Cells" and "After-Cells "—Foot- 

 Notes—Advantages of Large Hives. 



OHAS. NOKMAN. 



HERE are, aswe all know, two kinds of 

 ^.' queen-cells. In Gleanings of Jan. the 

 1st I proposed the terms " fore cells " and 

 "rtfter-cells " for them, and the editor, Mr. 

 Ernest Root, endor.sed the proposition in a 

 foot-note. Mr. Hasty, in one of his ( as you 

 once justly called them ) " inimitable " Con- 

 densed ^'iews ( Review of February, p "/.t ) 

 endorses the expression " after- cell," but 

 opposes the expression " fore-cell " because 

 " it will have to be explained too many 

 times;" he would say " normal cells "in- 

 stead. Well : would this latter expression 

 not also have to be explained ? and would it 



