THE FORM AND MANUFACTURE OF SHOES. 



61 



it is most required. At (c) is shown a shoe similar in 

 form to that at (b) but differently fitted. The toe is 

 turned slightly upwards, and the result is that a larger 

 jportiou of iron is brought into wear. In the case of very 



(a) 



- (b) 



Fig. 39.— The dotted lines show the effect of wear and 

 its relation to the shape of the shoe. 



hard-wearing horses, that scrape out the toe of the ordi- 

 nary shoe in ten or fourteen days, this form of fitting 

 adds considerably to the durability of the shoe, and so 

 preserves the foot from the evil of too frequent removal 

 of shoes, whilst avoiding any increase of weight. 

 Without calkins, wear is more evenly distributed, and 

 the toe is not worn away disproportionately to the rest 

 of the shoe. 



Fio. 40.— Two calkins — the low square one preferable. 



A calkin throws tlie leg and foot to some extent out 

 of their proper position. A very high calkin is not only 

 objectionable, it is unnecessary. Not much prominence 

 is required to afford a catch or stop. Excessive height 

 is usually given to meet wear, and this can be obtained 

 equally well by increasing the width and breadth. 



