LEATHER AND RUBBER PADS. 



119 



"border, wliicli fitted under tlie shoe, witli which it was 

 nailed on to the foot. Its great objection was that it 

 could not be nicely fitted on many feet without first 

 cutting away the bars. 



Then we had rubber pads which were not nailed on 

 with the shoe, but which fitted into the shoe and were 

 removed at will. The objection to these was that they 

 could only be used with a seated shoe and could not be 

 applied with a narrow shoe or one possessing a flat foot- 

 surface. 



The next form to appear was a leather sole on which 

 an artificial frog was fixed. Great difiiculty was at first 

 experienced in fixing this frog so that it remained firm. 

 The difiiculty has not yet been surmounted by all makers, 

 but Mr. G. Urquhart, of London, makes a most reliable 

 article. These "frog-pads" certainly give a very good 

 foot-hold on all kinds of paved streets. 



Fig. 90.— Frog-pad. 



A pad of very elegant appearance is " Sheather's 

 Pneumatic." It is not solid like the ordinary frog-pad, 

 but hollow, and is compressed at each step, but imme- 

 diately resumes its prominent form on being relieved of 

 pressure. 



One of the simplest anti-slipping pads is " Balls and 

 Keep's wedge-X-)ad." It possesses one advantage in not 

 covering up the whole under-surface of the foot. When 

 properly fitted, it is firmly retained and does its work, 

 but a careless farrier may so apply it that it shifts on the 

 foot. To fit it exactly, the wall of the back part of the 



