260 On the Classification of the Lepidoptera. 



of hind wing being retained, or vein 8 being united to 7 after 

 its origin. 



(2) The Pyralidge, Thyrididae, Drepanulidse, and Callidu- 

 lida2, by the loss of the bar, vein 8 bending down and becoming 

 connected with 7 after its origin ; the frenulum in the last two 

 families being often lost. 



('^) The Hypsidse and Lymantriidie, retaining the frenulum 

 and the bar between vein 8 and the cell of hind wing. 



(4) The Pterothysanidffi, by the loss of the frenulum and 

 the freeing of vein 8 of hind wing. 



(5) The Syntomidee, by the loss of vein 8 of liind wing. 



(6) The Arctiidge, by the coalescence of vein 8 of hind 

 wing with the cell to a greater or less degree. 



(7) The Koctuidi© and Agaristidse, by vein 8 being con- 

 nected with the cell at a point near the base only. 



III. The forms where vein 1 c of fore wing is lost, but 

 vein retains its position at the middle of the cell or has 

 migrated towards the upper angle. 



(1) The Dioptidte, in which vein 5 of the fore wing has 

 not become fixed, for whilst it retains its medial position in 

 most forms, in some it has migrated to the lower angle of the 

 cell, vein 8 of the hind wing being free. 



(2) The Geometridee, in which vein 5 often migrates 

 towards the upper angle of cell ; vein 8 of the hind wing- 

 retains the bar in the lowest subfamily, Orthostixinaj, anasto- 

 moses strongly witli the cell in the Larentiinte, becomes quite 

 free except near the base in the Acidaliinie and Geometrinaj, 

 and entirely free but closely approximate to the cell in the 

 Boarmiinse, the lowest forms of which, however, Abraxas and 

 its allies, often retain the bar ; in many genera the frenulum 

 becomes aborted. 



(3) The Epiplemidas and Epicopeidte, in which vein 8 

 becomes quite free and widely separated from the cell, the 

 latter having the frenulum rudimentary. 



(4) The Uraniidfe^ Bombycidaj, Ceratocampida, Saturniidte, 

 and Brahmfeidffi, in which the frenulum is lost, vein 8 being 

 entirely free except in a few forms of the Bombycidaj, where 

 the bar is retained, and in Brahmaa, where it becomes closely 

 connected with 7. 



(5) The Eupterotidaj, in which both the bar and the frenu- 

 lum are retained. 



(6) Whilst branching off in another direction from the 

 ancestor of this group were developed the Notodontidai, which 

 retain the bar in the lower forms from which arose the Sphin- 

 gidse, retaining the bar and with vein 8 closely connected 



