76 THE INDUSTRIAL STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE. 



2. Between individuals, a family counting as an in- 

 dividual for most purposes. 



3. Between classes, (a) Employer and employed. 

 (b) The propertied and unpropertied, and lenders and 

 borrowers, (c) Organized and unorganized labor. 

 (d) Producers and consumers, (e) Races, in so far 

 as different races live together under one government. 



4. Between enterprises, (a) Source of variation 

 here is often conscious effort to vary, (b) Between 

 enterprises differently located, (c) Between enter- 

 prises differently organized : factory vs. shop ; ma- 

 chinery vs. hand labor ; cooperative and profit-sharing 

 enterprises vs. those under "captains of industry"; 

 stock companies vs. partnerships ; etc. (d) Large en- 

 terprises vs. small ones. 



5. Between nations, (a) By war opium war. 

 (b) By tariffs, bounties, and restrictions. Example 

 of successful aggressions : English navigation acts. 

 Example of unsuccessful aggression : German sugar 

 bounties, (c) By so regulating the interval between 

 individuals, classes, and enterprises that general and 

 permanent interests may not be sacrificed to general 

 and temporary gain, e. </., Sunday labor, length of 

 labor day, dangerous occupations, wasteful duplica- 

 tion of plant, etc. 



