80 ARE SPECIES BEAL ? 



Lake Tahoe ; bouvieri, in Waha Lake ; agua bonita, 

 u golden trout," of Mount Whitney ; gilberti, in Kern 

 River ; shasta, in McCloud River ; all varieties of one 

 species ; all would have been regarded fifteen years 

 ago as good, species. 



Catalogue of fresh-water fishes of United States : in 

 1876, 670 species ; in 1868, 665 ; in 1885, 587 ; now 

 about 60, although 125 added since 1876. 



Changes of species similar to changes in words in 

 derivative languages. Thus : kerasos (Greek), cerasus 

 (Latin), ceriso (Italian), cereso (Spanish), cerise 

 (French), cherry (English), kirsch (German), kers 

 (Danish), cerejo (Portuguese), and so on. Changes of 

 aster, star, and other words. 



Laws of change of words analogous to those of change 

 in species. Where words come from. Where species 

 come from. Left-over species in swamps, caves, and 

 depths of the sea ; left-over words in isolated moun- 

 tain valleys. As a fauna is made up of species, which 

 have come from many regions, so is the language made 

 up of words carried over from many sources. Sequoia, 

 a left-over tree. Left-over types in Australia. 



The old idea of species passed away forever. Can 

 no more return to it than astronomers to the Ptolo- 

 maic idea of the solar system. No one who knows 

 the facts could ask us to return. Some lessons from 

 geology. Fossil shells. 



All forms diverging ; no structure returns to prev- 

 ious stages. What are intermediate forms ? " Miss- 

 ing links?" Link between horse and cow? Not a 

 cow-horse, or a horse-cow, but something far more 

 primitive than either, with the character of neither. 

 This now recognized in the extinct coryphodon. 



