STOMACHS OF RUMINANTS. 51 



that if this side of the belly were punctured at any point, 

 this organ alone would be entered. It is marked externally 

 by a deep notch at each end, and by two grooves connect- 

 ing these on the upper and lower surfaces respectively, 

 together with smaller grooves diverging from these, on 

 each side. These notches and grooves correspond to inter- 

 nal folds supported by strong muscular bands, and par- 

 tially dividing the cavity into a right and left sac, and 

 into anterior, posterior, and median compartments. The 

 entire inner surface of this orga*n, excepting the muscular 

 pillars, and a small portion of the left anterior sac border- 

 ing on the second stomach, is thickly covered by papillae, 

 rhost of which are flattened and leaf-like, with an elongated 

 ovate outline, but some are conical or fungiform, especially 

 in the left sac. 



" Second Stomach. The second stomach (honey-comb- 

 bag, reticulum), though spoken of as a separate organ, is 

 rather a simple prolongation forward of the anterior left 

 sac of the r.umen. It is separated from the rumen by a 

 rather prominent fold, but the communicating opening is 

 so large that the semi-liquid contents pass freely from the 

 one cavity to the other during the movements of the 

 stomachs. Its most prominent characteristic is the alve- 

 olated or honey-comb-like arrangement of its mucous mem- 

 brane. These cells vary in size and depth, being largest 

 at the lower part of the organ and smaller at the upper, or 

 where it joins the paunch. They extend for a short dis- 

 tance on the surface of that organ as well. The larger 

 cells are again subdivided by smaller partitions in their 

 interior. The walls of these cells are covered throughout 

 by small, hard-pointed papillary eminences. These cells 

 usually entangle many small, hard and pointed bodies 

 which have been swallowed with the food, and it is from 

 this point that such bodies often pass to perforate vital 

 organs, especially the heart. 



