FISCHEK ON THE PELVIS OF THE MAMMALIA. 11 



(horses) ; pecora (cattle, deer, &c.) ; bradipoda (ant eaters) ; cheiroptera, 

 (bats). The savage, or flesh-eating animals (carnivora), follow these ; and last 

 of all, the rodents. Note. The reader is cautioned here, that I adopt the 

 classification of my illustrious teacher, Blumenbach, as contained in his Com- 

 pendium of Natural History, fifth edition, Grottingen, 1797 ; and in measuring 

 the pelvis, I have used the Parisian foot. 



2nd Quadrumana. Section 5. The os sacrum is narrower and plainer in 

 all the quadrumana than in mankind. Its external margins do not, as in the 

 latter, converge downwards, but continue parallel with itself. The excavation 

 of the pelvis in the quadrumana is less spherical than in the human race, 

 which seems to be proved by the observations just mentioned ; and that apes, so 

 like us in other respects, are ill adapted for the upright position in walking ; 

 and that the head of the foetus of the quadrumana is already more elongated, 

 after the manner of the brute animal, than globose, or rounded, as in man. 

 Even in the quadrumana, then, the pelvis has already assumed a character 

 wholly animal. That cercopithecus, mentioned above, shews a sacrum com- 

 posed of three vertebrae distinctly separated from each other, and evidently 

 resembliug those of the loins, and first coccygeal vertebrae, with the exception 

 of the lateral appendages. The os ilium is elongated, its abdominal portion 

 obviously defective, or wanting, unless you feel disposed to take for it the 

 broad anterior margin of the bone. The symphysis of the pubis is elongated, 

 and the tuberosities of the ischion bent outwards, so that the true pelvis 

 already shews that the fully formed semicanal, of which we have taken notice 

 above, and the entire pelvis, already strikingly resembles that of a small car- 

 nivorous animal, or of a squirrel. It is worth while recollecting how the 

 mode in this order of animals is changed, as regards the birth of the foetus, 

 which, in mankind, presents by the occiput ; in the mere animal, by the 

 face*. The spinous processes in man are not so prominent, neither do they 

 run together. In the quadrumana, they project more than in man, and in- 

 cline downwards. The number of sacral vertebrae varies in the quadrumana 

 two in the cercopithecus paniscus ; three in the cercopithecus jacko ; three 

 also in the simia lar, sylvanus f, the papio mormon, and maimon, the 

 lemur rnongom, the simia sajou, apella (Lin.), have each respectively four J ; 

 The simia troglodytes has five. || ; and the sai, capucina (L), is said to 

 have six. The simia troglodytes then, as regards the sacrum, most resembles 

 man. The sacral foramina differ in number according to the varying number 

 of the vertebrae. 



Section 6. Os Coccygis. In respect of the number of coccygeal vertebrae, 

 the order simise, they may be divided into those with tails and those without. 

 The simia jannus has two coccygeal vertebrae ; the sylvanus and the lar three 

 each; the troglodytes and the satyrus four each, which is the number in 

 man ; but these vertebrae are broader and larger than the human, excepting 

 the first, which unites with the last vertebrae of the sacrum : nor do they 

 incline so much towards the cavity of the pelvis, but descend more directly, 



* Ed. Tyson. Anat. Pigmy. Lond. 1699. 4. t P. Camper. Dusseldorf, 1791. 4 Tab. 3, fig. 

 7. Galen, Liber de ossib. Cap XL, in which book he has substituted the anatomy of the 

 ape to that of man. J W. Joseph!. Auatom. &c. Getting., 1787. Tab. 5, fig. 2 || Tyson 

 1. c. p. 89. 



