60 



stretched as nearly horizontal as possible by raising one or two corners 

 as required, and a stake driven down plumb to the right spot. 



The Quincunx is a method involving groups of five trees, the 

 fifth tree occupying the centre of a square. It is only useful where 

 long lived and slow growing trees are planted, when it may be 

 desirable to set amongst them some quick growing trees, such as 

 peaches, nectarines, or Japanese plums, which will begin bearing 

 early and can be cut down to make room for the longer lived trees, 

 when after ten or twelve years their period, of usefulness is 

 on the wane. For laying out this system, squares are first lined, 

 then diagonal lines are drawn from opposite corners of the square 

 and a peg driven down at the intersection. 



Marking off with light wire lines, No. 12 gauge or light clothes 

 wire gives more accurate results and answers for laying out either 

 squares, quincunx, or rectangles. Wire lines are preferable to 

 string, because they don't shrink or stretch. A wire line 209 feet 

 long (a trifle over three chains) will form the side of a one acre block. 

 At each end fasten an iron ring two or three inches in diameter 

 for slipping on pegs. Along this line mark out with a piece of 

 solder the exact distance apart the vines or trees are to be set at. 



Should vines be planted in a parallelogram instead of a square, 

 two lines will be required, with the distances between the rows 

 marked off on one of them and the distance along the rows on the 

 other. 



DISTANCE APART. 



Before planting an orchard or a vineyard it is well to consider 

 and decide what distance apart the trees or the vines will be set at. 

 The following table shows the number of plants to the acre at the 

 distances given below. It will be noticed that the septuple system 

 allows 15 per cent, more trees to the acre and the quincunx 12 per 

 cent, more than does square planting. 



A certain diversity of opinion exists regarding the best distance to 

 plant vines and fruit trees. In this case, as in many others, extreme 



