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holes are coated with a viscous glaze which prevents the tender roots 

 reaching to the soil beyond. 



After all the precautions have been taken for insuring the 

 proper planting of the right sort of trees, all the efforts of the 

 beginner are often frustrated by neglect of another important detail. 

 The newly planted tree must be cut back, or shortened in, or else 

 its growth will be checked, and it will not uncommonly perish. 

 So long as it was in the nursery, the root system of the young plant 

 was unimpaired, absorbing from the soil all the nutriment the 

 branches required, but when taken up, no matter how carefully 

 done, many of the fine feeding rootlets are torn and bruised, the 

 feeding capacity of the tree is no longer in keeping with the 

 amount of shoots it carries, and unless the superabundance of 

 these is cut back and the balance re-established between the feeding 

 and the breathing and evaporating organs of the plant, it will make 

 a miserable struggle for existence and in many cases even perish. 

 The bark will become leathery and limp, the sap will heat and 

 ferment under the action of the sun, and the tree will fall an easy 

 victim to the attacks of borers and other noxious insects. 



As soon as ever the operation of planting has been done, it will 

 be found of the greatest use to draw a map of the orchard on which 

 is indicated the respective position of each tree, with numbers which 

 will refer to an index carefully recording the name of the trees 

 planted. With such a plan, although labels may be lost or torn 

 away, no possible mistake can happen at any time regarding the 

 correct name of any tree grown in the orchard*. 



LABELS FOR FRUIT TREES. 



More especially in the home garden a variety of trees is often 

 planted, and as it would be inconvenient to keep continually 

 referring to the map of the ground to ascertain the name of trees, 

 it is advisable to attach labels to them. 



Of these several kinds are sold by seedsmen and florists. The 

 zinc labels at first look very neat, but unless they are punched with 

 letters or definite marks the writing disappears after a season or 

 two. 



Cheap and convenient labels are ordinary painted pine labels, 

 1J inches wide and 6 inches long. A piece of galvanised wire is 

 fastened to them at one end. The name of the tree or plant is 

 written with a soft pencil upon the label, which is then dipped in 

 white of lead well thinned with oil. The paint at first obscures the 

 writing, but on drying the lettering comes out again more distinctly, 

 and remains visible for quite a long time. 



SUMMER CULTIVATION 



Is in a hot and dry climate as necessary and indispensable to 

 the healthy growth of fruit trees, and the production of a crop, as is 

 pruning itself. In England, and the moister localities on the 



