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rows or ditches, drive along one side and throw the weight of the 

 body where the soil is to be moved from, and thereby gauge the 

 filling of the hole. 



Serviceable Land Leveller. 



Every year almost witnesses the production of implements 

 possessing special merit ; among those in favour at present are the 

 Digging Plough, the Spading, the Acme, and the Spring-tooth 

 Harrows, as well as the old Drag or Zigzag harrow, the Planet 

 Junior Horse Hoe. 



The annual cultivation of the soil in the orchard and the 

 vineyard may be said to begin in the winter time, when one or two 

 ploughings are done according as the soil is lighter or heavier, and 

 the work of cultivation effected more thoroughly. 



At least one of these winter ploughings should be deep, and 

 the plough should be set in the middle of the rows of trees or vines 

 to a depth of six to seven inches. When finishing off, a lighter 

 plough may be used with advantage, or the depth of the furrow 

 reduced to three or four inches. 



Our orchardists, as a rule, fail to pay sufficient attention to 

 this deep cultivation, with the result that in the height of a dry 

 summer the numerous feeders which have taken possession of the 

 soil a few inches under the surface of the ground wither and dry 

 up, the plant as a consequence showing signs of distress. Deeper 

 ploughing, whilst checking the growth of these superficial roots, 

 offers an encouragement to the growth of the deeper-seated ones. 

 When an orchard or a vineyard has long been ploughed only three 

 to four inches deep, it would be manifestly injurious to deepen the 

 cultivation all at once to six and seven inches, as a considerable shock 

 would result to the plant ; but in a dry and warm summer, such as 

 our West Australian summer, due attention should be paid to the 

 gradual deepening of winter cultivation. 



Various sorts of ploughs are made for the purpose ; the one 

 horse Vine Ploughs specially constructed by Eansome, Sims, and 

 Jefferies, of Norfolk ; Howard, of Bedford, and other good makers 

 are made for vineyard work, and answer splendidly for turning the 

 last furrow or two, close up to the trees in the orchard, without 

 bruising the bark. They are light, with a short beam, and the body 

 thrown six inches off the centre on the mould-board side ; they do 

 not turn a furrow so deeply as the ordinary plough, and the plough- 

 man has complete command over his implement, being able to 



