78 



throw it out of the furrow instantly should it happen to come into 

 contact with a vine stump. 



A better plough still is the Digging Plough, which, in breaking 

 up and pulverising the ground, approaches nearer the spade and 

 the fork than any in the class of work it turns out. It also 

 possesses over the long mould-board wrought-iron ploughs marked 

 advantages. It is easier in draught and lighter in weight ; it is 

 cheaper in price, and the component parts can easily be obtained at 

 a low cost, and replaced without trouble whatever by any plough- 

 man. An " Oliver Chilled, No. 40," costing JM, with a team of two 

 to three horses, will turn a furrow nine inches deep and 16 inches in 

 width, and only weighs 1301bs., as against 1701bs. to ISOlbs. of the 

 wrought-iron plough, cutting a furrow six inches deep and only 

 nine inches in width. 



Digging Plough. 



Whilst the long mould-board plough half turns the furrows 

 into long symmetrical parallel ribbons, the Digging Plough turns 

 and pulverises the ground thoroughly, leaving the surface 

 especially if the land be free and light comparatively smooth and 

 better exposed to the weathering action of frost, sun, air, and rain. 

 It is made of cast iron or steel, the steel ploughs being far superior, 

 both as regards durability and lighter draught. 



When only one ploughing is done, the earth should be thrown 

 away from the trees or vines ; while when two plough ings are given, 

 the first is generally away from the rows of trees and the second to 

 the vines or trees. In the first case, it is necessary to afterwards 

 level the surface of the ground by means of a scarifier. 



Whenever weeds are high in the field, as sometimes occurs on 

 neglected places, or where a green crop of some kind of leguminous 

 plants has been grown for the purpose of being ploughed in and 

 thus manuring the lighter description of soils, a short -looped drag 

 chain attached to the beam of the plough will bend down the grass 

 and facilitate the operation of ploughing. 



In order to break up the wall or strip of hard land in the line 

 of the trees, the two ploughings are done crossways; and whenever 



