79 



the slope is not too great and the soil too heavy, a gang plough 

 turning two furrows at the one operation will get through the work 

 quicker, one man with a pair of horses doing nearly as much work 

 again as if the single-furrow plough only was used. There is little 

 need to say that the horses worked in the orchard and vineyard 

 should be steady and well broken in, the man careful, and the 

 whipple-tree as short as possible, so as to guard against any pos- 

 sibility of bruising the trees. 



However careful the ploughing and scarifying is done, it is not 

 always possible, nor advisable, to come nearer than a foot or 18 

 inches to the tree, round which the ground has consequently to be 

 dug and turned by hand labour. For this work the forked spade 

 is the most convenient tool to use. It has five stout cast-steel tines 

 about an inch wide and somewhat pointed. For loosening the 

 earth about the roots of the trees and turning in manures, etc., it is 

 much less liable to cut and injure the roots than the spade. 



THE SCARIFIER OR CULTIVATOR. 



These implements have been so much improved of late years 

 that they may be said to be as efficient, and in some cases even more 

 so, than the plough, and they are generally used in conjunction 

 with the plough in order to cut and root up weeds, and to secure 

 a fine tilth. Of this class of implements, Coleman's Scarifier or 

 Cultivator may be considered as the prototype. 



Coleman's Scarifier. 



