84 



THE DRAG HARROWS OR THE ZIG-ZAG HARROWS 



are of the greatest use in the vineyard or the orchard for collecting 

 weeds and rubbish, and keeping the surface of the soil perfectly 

 mellow and friable a few days after the running of the scarifiers or 

 cultivators, or after a summer shower of rain has battered the 

 surface of the soil down. 



I would strongly advise scarifying the roadways, as well as the 

 space between the vines, and keeping them clean and bare of weeds, 

 as roads on which grass is allowed to grow prove a never-ending 

 source of trouble and infection to the vineyard, the implements, in 

 turning, carrying along with them fragments of these grasses, which 

 soon spread about and necessitate the almost continuous use of hoes, 

 scarifier, and harrows. 



It is not always possible, when working close up to the 

 trees and vines, not to graze and bruise them with the harness 

 or the ends of the whipple-tree. In orchard harness, the hames 

 should be short and the whipple-tree for one horse not more than 

 18 inches wide. 



Arrangement for Ploughing Close to Trees and Vines. 



This contrivance, much used in California, consists of a 

 whipple-tree so constructed that the middle staple or pin will be 

 nearer the end next to the tree than the other, say, one-third only of 

 its length. Besides this, a side block of wood, one and a-half 

 to two inches thick, is placed on the side of the plough beam 

 opposite to the side the furrow is turned on, when the soil is being 

 turned to the trees, and on the same side of the beam when the 

 furrows are being turned to the trees. 



