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the following season. It is not advisable to give to the permanent 

 arms their full length the first year, but it is preferable to add a 

 few joints to the arms every year until the space from vine to vine 

 along the lines has been filled up. This is done by always pruning 

 to a lower bud the last joint left on the vine, and from this lower 

 bud will grow a shoot which will naturally take a horizontal direc- 

 tion. An upper bud would probably throw up a shoot which would 

 have to be bent down and would show by a kink the interruption in 

 the growth of the arm. Once the spurs are established they are cut 

 every year to two buds, as has already been explained. 



3. PERMANENT K.ODS MIXED OR HALF-LONG PRUNING. 



An example of this method of pruning is the Cazenave cordon. 

 The only advantage it possesses over the Thomery espalier is that, 

 being one-sided, there is no occasion to use when pruning the 

 amount of discrimination necessary when training a vine espalier 

 fashion, in which case the proper equilibrium of the plant is main- 

 tained or re-established by maintaining the two arms in the same 

 state of vigorous growth, if they are of equal development, or 

 by favouring the growth of the weaker arm by hard pruning if 

 found necessary so to do. Although the figure does not show it, 



Cazenave Cordon. 



three wires are better than two in training vines according to this 

 method. If the distance from vine to vine is too great, the cordon 

 is not all laid down at once, but half of it may be trained first, the 

 cane being cut to a lower bud, which will produce a straight 

 horizontal shoot which will be utilised for lengthening the cordon. 



The permanent arm is made to grow spurs, which each produce 

 a fruiting cane and a wood spur. It takes four seasons to properly 

 form a Cazenave cordon. 



4. CAZENAVE CORDON MODIFIED. 



This is a very neat and very useful way of training vines 

 ^requiring long pruning and growing on rich ground. It is thus 

 .seen that once the framework of the vine is well formed, it may be 

 pruned with all the modifications of short, half long, or long 

 pruning already described. 



