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Espalier trained tree. 



2. Espaliers, a popular method of training apples, pears,, 

 apricots and peaches in the Northern climate of Europe, where 

 specimens of this system of shaping trees, illustrating the skill and 

 handiwork of the European gardener, can be seen in public and 

 private gardens. In warmer climates, this method of training has. 

 nothing to recommend itself and needs 110 description. 



3. The pyramid shape of training was, until not very long ago, 

 when the low standard or " vase " system supplemented it, much in 

 favour for trees grown in the open air in the cooler climates of 



England and central Europe. It 

 \ is more especially suitable for 



pears and cherries. This form of 

 training takes at least five years 

 to bring to perfection, and it 

 often happens that, either before 

 or after this work has been satis- 

 factorily completed, a fierce gust 

 of wind, a snowstorm, or some 

 other unexpected accident, will 

 destroy in one act the work of 

 years of patient training. Trees 

 trained pyramid shape require 

 besides a good deal of ground to 

 allow for the full development of 

 the plant, and for the easy work- 

 ing of teams and implements ; 

 for this purpose the interval from 

 tree to tree should be at least 

 (and preferably more) 30 feet. 

 One advantage it presents over 

 the " vase " system, which I shall 

 next proceed to describe, is that 

 the limbs are well knit to the 

 central stem, and not liable to 



Pyramidal training of a Pear Tree. 



