200 



of the plant round the stem, so that the reason is plain why it is 

 more beneficial to water the plant at some distance from the trunk, 

 where all these tender rootlets radiate, rather than close up to the 

 plant itself. 



Showing at "A" the proper place to mulch, manure, and water. 



The distance of the furrow on each side varies according to the 

 size of the trees. 



For young vines a furrow on each side 18 to 24 inches away 

 from the lines might be drawn, whereas for older vines planted 

 8 to 10 feet apart in a loamy soil one furrow midway between the 

 rows is quite sufficient. 



For young trees the distance from the trunk would vary from 

 two to three feet, and if the trees are large the furrows would be 

 opened four to six feet away from the stem. 



Whether the soil is heavy or light, the method of applying 

 water is the same, and the next day or the day after, as soon as it 

 is sufficiently drained, the whole surface is scarified with the culti- 

 vator ; or if the surface is already clean and loose, the furrows 

 alone are broken up by means of the cultivator or scarifier, which 

 should not be less than three feet wide, so as to take in a good 

 strip of land. 



At each subsequent irrigation the furrows are run in a 

 different place, and thus is the land maintained into a uniform 

 degree of moisture. 



SPREAD OF WATER PROM DEEP FURROWS. 



Clay and sand will absorb water at a different rate, and, having 

 absorbed it, hold and retain it more or less loosely. 



These properties have been measured at the sub-stations of the 

 College of Agriculture of the University of California, and the 

 following diagrams show the extent to which water from fairly deep 

 furrows penetrates the sandy soil and the heavy loam at the sub- 

 station . 



