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PEDIGREED FRTJIT TREES. 



The individuality of the tree having been secured, either 

 accidentally or owing to the foresight and the experience of the 

 breeder, it can be transmitted and preserved with a fair amount of 

 permanency. Some strains of cattle and live stock are well known 

 which embody to a high degree of perfection all the good points of 

 the breed, whilst other strains are also known to have thrown back 

 and degenerated and to only beget mongrels ; so in our orchards there 

 are strains of vigorous and feeble trees bearing, some heavily, others 

 lightly. This being admitted, it behoves all nurserymen and fruit- 

 growers to only propagate from the most productive and the best of 

 trees. After individual trees seemingly inferior to the accepted 

 standard have failed to improve under the stimulus of cultivation, 

 manuring, suitable pruning, and requisite treatment directed against 

 the eradication of pests on the removal of unhealthy surroundings, 

 there is but one thing left to secure the rising of that tree up to the 

 desired standard, and that is to cull it out and work on it a scion 

 from some selected strain. 



POME TREES. 



These are commonly meant to comprise fruit grown from pips, 

 such as apples, pears, and quinces. 



They were some generations past known by country folk as 

 pippins, pearmains, russets, costards, codlins, and so on. 



Pippins were chance seedlings which were in themselves so 

 perfect that they did not require grafting or budding. Pearmains 

 were somewhat elongated or pear-shaped. Russets were covered 

 with a rough skin, and were generally sorts which hang well to 

 the trees. Costards were large and bulky apples, whereas codlins 

 were apples which fell to the ground when green, and were chiefly 

 used for cooking, sauces, etc. Cider apples exemplified those apples 

 some astringent and some bitter which were best adapted for 

 the manufacture of cider. 



So with pears. We have Beurres, Bergamottes, cooking, and 

 perry pears. 



Beurres are melting, juicy pears, which at one time were thus 

 distinguished from hard cooking sorts. They vary widely as 

 regards shape, period of ripening, markings, and for that reason 

 the old classification has not been maintained, each of the Beurres 

 being qualified by its patronymic name. Bergamottes once included 

 a fair number of pears, each being differentiated by a specific name, 

 while perry pears included those most suitable for fermenting into 

 perry. 



SELECT APPLES (Pyrus Mains). 



There are over 1,500 varieties of apples catalogued by* nursery- 

 men. Of these, the following suit our requirements and climatic 

 conditions best. Of summer apples, plant only a few. They should 



