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spent and fortunes lost before this fact was established, so anxious 

 were the vineyard proprietors to speedily reconstitute their vineyards. 



Then a Riparia and Rupestris craze set in, and it was argued 

 that as these vines were of a wild nature, and had not been modified 

 by cultivation and by the handiwork of man, their seeds would 

 prove a quick and ready way of propagating the vines. Disap- 

 pointment likewise followed ; a majority of the seedlings proved to 

 be different and inferior in the qualities sought for to the mother 

 plant. 



Of Riparias and Rupestris, numerous varieties are known ; the 

 great majority of them are worthless as stocks for European vines. 

 Some take the graft badly ; others cannot thrive on the particular 

 soil it is intended to plant them ; the ground is either too dry or 

 wet, or too compact, or contains too much lime, etc. 



It is thus necessary in selecting a resistant vine to know, in the 

 first instance, something about the depth, the moisture, and the 

 richness of the soil it is intended to plant ; and, secondly, which of 

 the best varieties as regards aptitude to take the graft and to with- 

 stand the attack of the insect is more likely to thrive under the 

 conditions disclosed by that preliminary inspection of the ground. 



In Europe, where abundant summer showers maintain the soil 

 moist during the growing months, the shallow-rooted Riparias have 

 given widespread satisfaction. In California and in Australia, as 

 well also as in Algeria, where the summer months are dry and the 

 surface ground possesses comparatively little moisture, the deeper 

 rooted Rupestris yields better results. 



One important factor, to a great extent, influences the efficacy 

 of all American resistant vines as a suitable stock for vines, and 

 that is : deep and thorough cultivation. On the vigour and the 

 strength of their roots will depend their power to counteract the 

 wasting effect of the sap-sucking insect, and of infusing life and 

 energy into the scion, and unless the ground be deeply stirred, the 

 roots will fail to grow with the same luxuriance they show in easily 

 penetrated soil; the standard of resistance will as a result be 

 lowered and the graft will fail to receive the amount of sap required 

 to produce and nourish a large crop. 



By standard of resistance is meant that scale adopted by 

 viticulturists all the world over which determines the degree of 

 resistance the Phylloxera possessed by vines. In that table, 20 

 represents the maximum degree of absolute resistance, while 

 represents its minimum. Thus the resisting power of the best 

 Rupestris and Riparia is 19' 50 ; that of some of the hybrids, such as 

 Jacquez and Lenoir, 11 to 12 ; and that of Chasselas, Aramon, 

 Greiiache is 0, or absolutely nil. 



The resistance expressed by the numbers 16 to 20 is sufficient 

 for all soils ; that expressed by 14 or 15 is sufficient, too, where deep, 

 free, moist, loams occur, where roots grow rapidly ; while all vines 

 possessing a degree of resistance under 13 should be discarded as 

 non-resistant stock. 



